Stat-403/Stat-650 : Intermediate Sampling and Experimental Design ...

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Is It Practical To Use Excel For Stats?03/05/2007 04:51 AMHomeClassesNewsletterArchiveSoftwareStatMethodsfor WaterResourcestextbookMethodsforNondetectDataWhich TestShould IUse?Who elsehas takenthesecourses?Contact UsIs Microsoft Excel an Adequate Statistics Package?It depends on what you want to do, but for many tasks, the answeris ‘No’.Excel is available to many people as part of Microsoft Office. It contains somestatistical functions in its basic installation. It also comes with statistical routinesin the Data Analysis Toolpak, an add-in found separately on the Office CD. Youmust install the Toolpak from the CD in order to get these routines on the Toolsmenu. Once installed, these routines are at the bottom of the Tools menu, inthe "Data Analysis" command. People use Excel as their everyday statisticssoftware because they have already purchased it. Excel’s limitations, andoccasionally its errors, make this a problem. Below are some of the concernswith using Excel for statistics that are recorded in journals, on the web, andfrom personal experience.Limitations of Excel1. Many statistical methods are not available in Excel.Excel's biggest problem. Commonly-used statistics and methods NOT availablewithin Excel include:Boxplotsp-values for the correlation coefficientSpearman’s and Kendall’s rank correlation coefficients2-way ANOVA with unequal sample sizes (unbalanced data)Multiple comparison tests (post-hoc tests following ANOVA)p-values for two-way ANOVALevene’s test for equal varianceNonparametric tests, including rank-sum and Kruskal-WallisProbability plotsScatterplot arrays or brushingPrincipal components or other multivariate methodsGLM (generalized linear models)Survival analysis methodsRegression diagnostics, such as Mallow’s Cp and PRESS ( it doescompute adjusted r-squared)Durbin-Watson test for serial correlationLOESS smooths15Excel's lack of functionality makes it difficult to use for more than computingsummary statistics and simple univariate regression. Third-party add-ins tohttp://www.practicalstats.com/Pages/excelstats.htmlPage 1 of 5
Is It Practical To Use Excel For Stats?03/05/2007 04:51 AMExcel attempt to compensate for these limitations, adding new functionality tothe program (see "A Partial Solution", below).2. Several Excel procedures are misleading.Probability plots are a standard way of judging the adequacy of the normalityassumption in regression. In statistics packages, residuals from the regressionare easily, or in some cases automatically, plotted on a normal probability plot.Excel’s regression routine provides a Normal Probability Plot option. However, itproduces a probability plot of the Y variable, not of the residuals, as would beexpected.Excel’s CONFIDENCE function computes z intervals using 1.96 for a 95%interval. This is valid only if the population variance is known, which is nevertrue for experimental data. Confidence intervals computed using this function onsample data will be too small. A t-interval should be used instead.Excel is inconsistent in the type of P-values it returns. For most functions ofprobabilities, Excel acts like a lookup table in a textbook, and returns one-sidedp-values. But in the TINV function, Excel returns a 2-sided p-value. Lookcarefully at the documentation of any Excel function you use, to be certain youare getting what you want.Tables of standard distributions such as the normal and t distributions return p-values for tests, or are used to confidence intervals. With Excel, the user mustbe careful about what is being returned. To compute a 95% t confidenceinterval around the mean, for example, the standard method is to look up the t-statistic in a textbook by entering the table at a value of alpha/2, or 0.025. Thist-statistic is multiplied by the standard error to produce the length of the t-interval on each side of the mean. Half of the error (alpha/2) falls on each sideof the mean. In Excel the TINV function is entered using the value of alpha, notalpha/2, to return the same number.For a one-sided t interval at alpha=0.05, standard practice would be to look upthe t-statistic in a textbook for alpha=0.05. In Excel, the TINV function must becalled using a value of 2*alpha, or 0.10, to get the value for alpha=0.05. Thisnonstandard entry point has led several reviewers to state that Excel’sdistribution functions are incorrect. If not incorrect, they are certainlynonstandard. Make sure you read the help menu descriptions carefully to knowwhat each function produces.3. Distributions are not computed with precision.NEW In reference (1), the authors show that all problems found in Excel 97are still there in Excel 2000 and XP. They say that "Microsoft attempted to fixerrors in the standard normal random number generator and the inverse normalfunction, and in the former case actually made the problem worse." From this,you can assume that the problems listed below are still there in the currentversions of the software.Statistical distributions used by Excel do not agree with better algorithms forthose distributions at the third digit and beyond. So they are approximatelycorrect, but not as exact as would be desired by an exacting statistician. This16may not be harmful for hypothesis tests unless the third digit is of concern (a p-value of 0.056 versus 0.057). It is of most concern when constructing intervalshttp://www.practicalstats.com/Pages/excelstats.htmlPage 2 of 5
Page 1 and 2: Stat-403/Stat-650 : Intermediate Sa
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Page 42 and 43: BIOMETRICSINFORMATIONIndex of Pamph
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