PalmGHG, the RSPO greenhouse gas calculator for oil palm ... - Inra

PalmGHG,the RSPO greenhousegas calculator1. RSPO1. RSPO in brief2. GHG working group2. PalmGHG content1. Goal & scope2. System boundary3. Minimum data set3. PalmGHG results1. Pilot results2. Scenario testing3. Discussion & conclusions

Stop palm oil!Cécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34 LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 3/19

RSPO: Roundtable on Sustainable Palm OilHistory• 2004: Non-profit multi-stakeholder organisation=> voluntary certification to promote sustainable palm oil production and use• 2007: launch of the scheme: 8 principles & 39 criteria (P&Cs)• 2012: revision of the P&CsKey precepts• Respect for rights of land owners, farm workers,smallholders and their families• No primary forests or high conservation valueareas sacrificed for new palm oilplantations (after 2005)Cécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34 LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 4/19

PalmGHG,the RSPO greenhousegas calculator1. RSPO1. RSPO in brief2. GHG working group2. PalmGHG content1. Goal & scope2. System boundary3. Minimum data set3. PalmGHG results1. Pilot results2. Scenario testing3. Discussion & conclusions

PalmGHGPalm products greenhouse gas accounting toolDeveloped by WS1 based on Chase & Henson (2010)Based on LCA approach (ISO 14044) and a review of guidelines/toolsGoal & scope• To identify GHG emission hotspots and reduction opportunities• To monitor GHG emissions and to report on progress (internal)• To report for certifications (external e.g. RED, RSPO…)Need to capture the bulk of GHG emissions and carbon sequestrationAssessment at the mill level (i.e. certification unit) encompassing all plantationsNeed for flexibility:– Default data & field data as often as possible– Functional units: tCO 2 e/ha, tCO 2 e/Crude Palm Oil, tCO 2 e/MJ palm biodiesel– Physical allocations & credits for exported biomaterial or energy savingsCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34 LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 8/19

PalmGHGSystem boundary1. Land clearing (amortised over 25 years,9 land uses with carbon stocks available)2. Peat cultivation (N 2 O + CO 2 )3. Fossil fuel (Field + mill)4. Fertilisers (Production + transport)5. Fertiliser field emissions (N 2 O + CO 2 )6. Residue land application (N 2 O)7. Palm oil mill effluent (CH 4 )EmissionstCO 2 e/hatCO 2 e/tCPOtCO 2 e/MJ8. Emissions from refinery up to tank forbiodiesel (Biograce, 2010)Carbonfixed1. CO 2 fixed in palm trees, ground cover andlitter (Henson, 2005)2. Avoided emissions through CH 4 capture orflaring, energy by-products, or palm kernelrecycling3. (Carbon stored in conservation area)Cécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 9/19

PalmGHGSystem boundaryCarbonfixedMain references1. Land clearing (amortised over 25 years,9 land uses with carbon stocks available)Upstream emissions2. Peat cultivation (N 2 O + CO 2 )Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories (2010):3. Ecoinvent Fossil fuel 2.2, (Field International + mill) Fertiliser Society4. (2003), Fertilisers JEC (2011), (Production European + transport) Commission (2009)5. Emission Fertiliser factors field emissions (N 2 O + CO 2 )6. IPCC Residue (2006) land application (N 2 O)7. 0.7t Palm CO 2 /ha/year oil mill effluent x 0.91 x (CH Drainage 4 ) depth (cm)(F. Agus, pers. com. 2012)8. Effluent Emissions treatment from refinery up to tank forYacob biodiesel et al. (2006) (Biograce, 2010)1. Carbon CO stocks2 fixed in for palm land trees, uses ground cover andWINROCK litter (Henson, model (Harris 2005) et al., 2010)2. Lasco Avoided et al. (2001) emissions through CH 4 capture orHenson flaring, (2005, energy 2009) by-products, or palm kernelEuropean recycling Commission (2009)3. (Carbon stored in conservation area)EmissionstCO 2 e/hatCO 2 e/tCPOtCO 2 e/MJCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 10/19

PalmGHG designExcel spreadsheet: 19 sheetsMinimum data setI. Agricultural stage => field data (all supplying plantations)• Length of palm cycle• Area planted each year with breakdown of previous land use recordedseparately for mineral and peat soils• Fertilisers + fuel used (in 3 years leading up to reporting date)II.Mill stage for 3 years leading up to reporting date• Fruits throughput per year and extraction rates• Mill diesel use• POME treatmentCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34 LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 11/19

PalmGHG,the RSPO greenhousegas calculator1. RSPO1. RSPO in brief2. GHG working group2. PalmGHG content1. Goal & scope2. System boundary3. Minimum data set3. PalmGHG results1. Pilot results2. Scenario testing3. Discussion & conclusions

GHG assessment of mill C1Previous land use: shrub/grassland, 25% peat soils in estateGHG emission hotspots in the case of mill C1• Peat emissions, CH 4 from effluent, land clearing, fertilisers• Main difference between estate and outgrowers: peat areaCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 13/19

Pilot with nine companies in 2011tCO 2 e/t Crude Palm Oil for each mill in varying contextsMillMeantFFBper haOutgrowersincludedPeatsoilPrevious land useA1 23 no no shrubA2 24 no no shrubB 26 no no cocoa, oil palmC1 23 yes 25% grassland, shrubC2 19 yes 80% grassland, shrubF 19 no no logged forest, oil palmG 26 yes no from logged forest toarable cropsH 17 yes no logged forestGHG balances vary greatly according to previous land uses, fruityields and the proportion of plantations on peat soilsCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 14/19

PalmGHG scenario testingBase case : mixed previous land uses, peat 3%, no POME treatment,OER 20.8%, estate 20.2tFFB/ha, outgrowers 14.2tFFB/haCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 15/19

PalmGHG scenario testingBase case : mixed previous land uses, peat 3%, no POME treatment,OER 20.8%, estate 20.2tFFB/ha, outgrowers 14.2tFFB/haDouble emissionson logged forestvsNet sequestrationon grasslandCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 16/19

PalmGHG scenario testingBase case : mixed previous land uses, peat 3%, no POME treatment,OER 20.8%, estate 20.2tFFB/ha, outgrowers 14.2tFFB/haPeat emissions are critical!Cécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 17/19

PalmGHG scenario testingBase case : mixed previous land uses, peat 3%, no POME treatment,OER 20.8%, estate 20.2tFFB/ha, outgrowers 14.2tFFB/haCH 4 treatment is worth it!Cécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 18/19

PalmGHG scenario testingBase case : mixed previous land uses, peat 3%, no POME treatment,OER 20.8%, estate 20.2tFFB/ha, outgrowers 14.2tFFB/haPotential « 0 emissions » whenreplanting with best practicesCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 19/19

DiscussionFurther development of PalmGHG• Publication, accreditation with biofuel schemes (e.g. RED)• User-friendly programming• More parameters for peat emissions, POME and residue treatment• More land uses and carbon stocks incl. soil carbonIssues in discussion• Inconsistency between temporal scales• Conservation areasCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 20/19

ConclusionsImportant features• It is in line with international standards and has been peer-reviewed• It is flexible• It includes CO 2 emissions from land use change and peat soil management• It may be updated yearly and allows for scenario testingRecommendations to RSPO• To use PalmGHG to quantify GHG emissions and monitor their reduction• Time bound GHG reduction plans and implementation of best practice,notably on peat.• New operations to be designed to be “low C”Cécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34LCA Food 2012 – Saint-Malo 04/10/2012 21/19

cecile.bessou@cirad.fr

Members of RSPO GHG WG WS1Cécile Bessou, Ph.D., researcher at CIRADAmir Faizal Naidu Abdul-Manan, fuels scientist, Shell Global Solutions Sdn. Bhd.Jean-Pierre Caliman, Ph.D., producer, Director of the SMART-Research InstituteLaurence Chase, MSc., Independent Consultant in Tropical AgricultureSau Soon Chen, Assoc. Prof. Ph.D., SIRIM Environmental & Bioprocess Technology CentreShabbir Gheewala, Prof. Ph.D., researcher at the Joint Graduate School of Energy andEnvironment, King Mongkut’s University of TechnologyIan E. Henson, Ph.D., Independent Consultant in Tropical AgricultureSimon Lord, Ph.D., producer, Group Director of Sustainability, New Britain Palm OilLlorenç Milà I Canals, Ph.D., researcher at Unilever R&DPavithra Ramani, Project manager in agricultural commodities at ProforestBambang H. Saharjo, Prof. Ph.D., consultant for Sawit Watch, NGOMukesh Sharma, Ph.D., producer, Head of R&D at the Asian Agri GroupAdrian Suharto, producer, Sustainability Manager, Neste Oil Singapore Pte LtdCécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34

ReferencesBioGrace, 2010. European Project on “Harmonised Calculations of Biofuel Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Europe”; Projectcoordinator: John Neeft - Agentschap NL (Agency NL) (formerly SenterNovem).http://www.biograce.net./content/ghgcalculationtools/overviewChase, L.D.C. Henson, I.E., 2010. A detailed greenhouse gas budget for palm oil production. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 8(3), 199-214.European Commission, 2009. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 23 April 2009 on thepromotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Official Journal of the European Union, June 5thHarris, N., Grimland, S., Brown, S. 2010. Land Use Change and Emission Factors: Updates Since the RFS Proposed Rule. WinrockInternational. December 2010.Henson I.E., 2005. OPRODSIM, a versatile, mechanistic simulation model of oil palm dry matter production and yield. In:Proceedings of PIPOC 2005 International Palm Oil Congress, Agriculture, Biotechnology and Sustainability Conference, 801-832.Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Palm Oil Board.Henson I.E., 2009. Modelling carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions associated with oil palm cultivation and landusechange in Malaysia. A re-evaluation and a computer model. MPOB Technology, 31, 116 pp.IPCC, 2006. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. WMO/UNEP.http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.JEC (2011). Well-to-wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context. Well-to-tank ReportVersion 3c, Appendix 1 and 2. CONCAWE, EUCAR and JRC. http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/WTW.Lasco R.D., Sales R.F., Estrella.R., Saplaco S.R., Castillo L.S.A., Cruz R.V.O., Pulhin F.B., 2001. Carbon stocks assessment of twoagroforestry systems in the Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines. Philippine Agri. Scientist. 84, 401-407.RSPO, 2011. updated data on the webpage, visited on 10/02/2012: www.rspo.orgUSDA, 2011. USDA report of Feb. 2011Yacob, S., Hassan, M. A., Shirai, Y., Wakisaka, M., Subash, S., 2005. Baseline study of methane emission from open digestingtanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment. Chemosphere 59. (11) 1575-1581.Cécile Bessou – Cirad-UPR34