American <strong>Law</strong> Institute refused to put Article 2B on the agendafor approval at its annual meetings.25 Even in its stance as a“discussion draft,” Article 2B attracted much criticism at theannual ALI meetings, precipitating significant motions forchanges in substance.26 An ALI <strong>of</strong>ficial publication, reporting onthe joint decision to remove Article 2B from the UniformCommercial Code, explained that while the National Conferencebelieved that “the proposed statute is currently ready to provide aviable legal framework for the evolution <strong>of</strong> sound businesspractices in computer-information transactions,” the American<strong>Law</strong> Institute Council “continued to have significant reservationsabout both some <strong>of</strong> its key substantive provisions and its overallclarity and coherence.”27 The substantive basis for the ALIto abstain and two states not voting at all. [The total number <strong>of</strong> states is fifty-three notfifty, as the District <strong>of</strong> Columbia, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also counted.]The final approving vote was undoubtedly influenced by pleas from Conferenceleadership who maintained that unless UCITA was passed, the Conference would bepreempted by Congress (an event which did not come to pass) and who asked thatUCITA be passed to allow a field test <strong>of</strong> its provisions in the states with no obligationon individual commissioners to support it. Many undoubtedly expected UCITA to die anatural death upon its final promulgation.25. See Press Release, ALI, Major Projects Scheduled for Completion at American<strong>Law</strong> Institute’s 75th Annual Meeting (May 1, 1998), available athttp://www.ali.org/ali/pr0501.htm (last visited Sept. 8, 2001) (“[A] special ad hoccommittee <strong>of</strong> the Institute’s Council has recommended that ALI take no final actionthis year because <strong>of</strong> present concerns about both the architecture and scope <strong>of</strong> 2B.”);Institute to Review Seven Drafts at 1999 Annual Meeting, A.L.I. Rep. (Winter 1999),available at http://www.ali.org/ali/Rptr_7drafts.htm (last visited Sept. 8, 2001) (“Whilethe leadership <strong>of</strong> NCCUSL also plans to seek final approval <strong>of</strong> Article 2B this year, theALI Council continues to have significant reservations about 2B, especially concerningits provisions on scope, invalidation for fundamental public policy, and assent to posttransactionterms, but also regarding its overall coherence and clarity.”).26. See, e.g., Jean Braucher & Peter Linzer, Motion Regarding Assent Issues inProposed UCC Article 2B (May 5, 1998), at http://www.ali.org/ali/Braucher.htm (lastvisited <strong>No</strong>v. 17, 2001); Charles R. McManis, Motion Regarding UCC Article 2B § 2B-308 (Tentative Draft Apr. 14, 1997) (May 9, 1997), available athttp://www.ali.org/ali/McManis.htm (last visited <strong>No</strong>v. 17, 2001); Charles R. McManis,Motion Regarding UCC Article 2B § 2B-208 (Mass Market Licenses) and § 2B-105(Relationship to federal law)(Tentative Draft, Apr. 15, 1998) (May 5, 1998), available athttp://www.ali-aba.org/ali/McManis2.htm (last visited Sept. 8, 2001); William J.Woodward, Jr., Motion to Delete Section 2B-107(a) from Draft UCC Article 2B (May 6,1998), at http://www.ali.org/ali/Woodward1.htm (last visited <strong>No</strong>v. 17, 2001); William J.Woodward, Jr., Motion to Delete Section 2B-108 from Draft UCC Article 2B (May 6,1998), at http://www.ali.org/ali/Woodward2.htm (last visited <strong>No</strong>v. 17, 2001). Foradditional motions, see http://www.ali.org/ali/Motions.htm (last visited <strong>No</strong>v. 17, 2001).27. Article 2B Is Withdrawn from UCC and Will Be Promulgated by NCCUSL asSeparate Act, A.L.I. Rep. (Spring 1999), available at
decision could not be clearer. Following the withdrawal <strong>of</strong> the ALIfrom the process, the three ALI members <strong>of</strong> the draftingcommittee were asked to remain as advisors, but declined, citing“a number <strong>of</strong> underlying concerns including matters <strong>of</strong> substance,process, and product:”In terms <strong>of</strong> product, the draft has, in attempting toaddress numerous concerns <strong>of</strong> affected constituencies,progressively moved away from articulating sufficientand generally applicable default rules towardestablishing increasingly particular and detailed rules.In so doing, the draft sacrificed the flexibility necessary toaccommodate continuing fast-paced changes intechnology, distribution, and contracting. In terms <strong>of</strong>process, the guiding principle appeared to be theConference’s desire to expedite approval and commencehttp://www.ali.org/ali/R2103_Art2b.htm (last visited Sept. 8, 2001); see also Ge<strong>of</strong>frey C.Hazard, Jr., Report <strong>of</strong> the Director, Address Before the American <strong>Law</strong> Institute (May1999), in 76 A.L.I. Proc. 11 (2000), available at http://www.ali.org/AR99_director.htm(last visited Sept. 8, 2001) (“There has been great difficulty in arriving at a suitabledefinition <strong>of</strong> the scope <strong>of</strong> the provisions aimed at licensing and some differencesconcerning the provisions on electronic contracting.”); Letter from Ge<strong>of</strong>frey C. Hazard,Jr., Director <strong>of</strong> the ALI, to Gene N. Lebrun, President <strong>of</strong> the NCCUSL, and Charles A.Wright, President <strong>of</strong> the ALI (Mar. 26, 1998), athttp://www.2bguide.com/docs/ghmar98.html (last visited Sept. 8, 2001) (stating thatthe text “needs significant revision” and expressing concerns regarding scope,architecture, clarity <strong>of</strong> expression, relation to other law, electronic contracting, andother controversial issues); Memorandum from Ge<strong>of</strong>frey C. Hazard, Jr., et. al., toDrafting Committee on Uniform Commercial Code Article 2B-Licenses, July 1998Draft: Suggested Changes (Oct. 9, 1998), available athttp://www.2bguide.com/docs/gch1098.pdf (making suggestions: scope too broad; needto cover all access contracts questionable; post-contract assent provisions not trueassent; contract formation provisions should be drafted by an appropriate group “thatconsiders these matters in broader context” than Article 2B); Memorandum from DavidA. Rice, ALI Drafting Committee Member, to Article 2B Drafting Committee (Mar. 18,1998), available at http://www.2bguide.com/docs/ricemar.html (last visited Sept. 8,2001) (commenting and proposing changes to Article 2B); Memorandum from David A.Rice to ALI Council Subcommittee on Article 2B, Critical Considerations Concerningthe Readiness <strong>of</strong> Article 2B (Mar. 17, 1998), available athttp://www.2bguide.com/docs/ricemar.html#alic (last visited <strong>No</strong>v. 17, 2001);Memorandum from Amelia H. Boss, et al., to UCC2B Drafting Committee andRaymond T. Nimmer (<strong>No</strong>v. 4, 1996), available at www.2bguide.com/docs/polmem.html(last visited Setp. 8, 2001) (proposing policy issues for resolution). Some took great<strong>of</strong>fense at the ALI’s criticism <strong>of</strong> Article 2B, reducing the debate to (anonymous) adhominem attacks. See A Firefly on the Wall: The UCC2B Experience, available athttp://www.2bguide.com/docs/afotw.html (last visited Sept. 8, 2001) (responding toGe<strong>of</strong>frey Hazard’s comments made at the meeting).
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ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITYLAW REVIEW
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ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF
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Identification StatementThe Roger W
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contract exclusion or disclaimer of
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and other laws of countries in whic
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Symposium and writes on this issue
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Indeed, the quotation contains the
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suggestive of a bill designed merel
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United States ought to adopt in lig
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the Supreme Court to reiterate in F
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United States Supreme Court quoted
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copying of “a work protected unde
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shall be null and void.65 Member st
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determining the fate of database pr
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The compilation of a database requi
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management information, including c
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one congressional witness noted:
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that were made after the initial te
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preferred language of many business
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the sui generis right mainly serves
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the Paris Convention for the Protec
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directly or indirectly.159 In other
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of resources that qualifies that po
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wish to encourage private lawsuits,
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contract.”185 While section 1405(
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The Directive will inevitably drive
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the process through which digital p
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the United States or the trade and
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patent law is the utilitarian ethic
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a work to be publicly identified as
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the United States, the power of the
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Theory one proposes to reward the a
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of intellectual property rights mus
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only such as are original, and are
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emedies set forth in section 1406.T
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eproduced, though there be no ingen
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the same, or substantially the same
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with respect to “patents of inven
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Because, in part of the joint reaso
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even by the plaintiffs today.86The
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statute: the “Limited Times” re
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head of power. It is not clear whet
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elationship of power between the Co
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history dealing with either provisi
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the parameters of the propertizatio
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the legislative power contained in
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negative pregnant that suggests tha
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scope of the Commerce Clause in the
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gave incentive for people to expres
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ejected this purported distinction
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talk, communicate or consume inform
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frameworks that will allow diversit
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that a monopolist should not seek t
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motivating force.While antitrust or
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unjustifiable anti-competitive cond
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his refusal to sell or license his
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defense and exploitation of the cop
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the information age there have been
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In response to Intel’s argument t
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Court of First Instance in concludi
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to oust competitors, there was noth
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as a digital property owner, which
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anti-competitive use of monopoly po
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certain circumstances, exempted fro
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for circumventing a technological p
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DMCA creates an exclusive right in
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circumventing a TPM in order to loo
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holder.92 Contributory liability ap
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and Klemesrud on the counts of dire
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eport, the White Paper on Intellect
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imposed ISP liability both in insta
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any infringing material either upon
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provider liability, the European Co
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of a defamatory statement.While saf
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defamation.184 One case that illust
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material that appears questionable
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FBI’s Carnivore: Is the Governmen
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and the legal limits of government
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II. CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSISA. Const
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application developed in Katz v. Un
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Amendment protections.50Substantial
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communicating over the Internet pos
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court will likely, as it has often
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unconstitutional.81 Although CALEA
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data attributable to the target sus
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FBI facility for subsequent examina
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EPCA Section 2518 provides that upo
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The FBI has stated that its use of
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provision,143 but judging from the