Vol 7 No 1 - Roger Williams University School of Law
Vol 7 No 1 - Roger Williams University School of Law Vol 7 No 1 - Roger Williams University School of Law
sign a hard copy contract containing what I consider to be thecomplete terms of the agreement, the legislature and the courtsmay still insert public interest principles, such as the notion ofunconscionability. Do we need legislation to ensure that thesenew code driven information contracts are informationallyconscionable? Will the current law suffice?Lessig explains much the same thing in the following way:The dissimilarity is this: with every enforced contract—with every agreement that subsequently calls upon anenforcer to carry out the terms of that agreement—thereis a judgment made by the enforcer about whether thisobligation should be enforced. In the main, thesejudgments are made by a court. And when a court makessuch judgments, the court considers not just the privateorderings constituted in the agreement before it, but alsoissues of public policy, which can, in some contexts,override these private orderings. When a court enforcesthe agreement, it decides how far the power of the courtcan be used to carry out the agreement. Sometimes theagreement will be carried out in full; but often, theagreements cannot be fully effected. Doctrines such asimpossibility or mistake will discharge certainobligations. Rules about remedy will limit the remediesthe parties can seek. Public policy exceptions willcondition the kinds of agreements that can be enforced.‘Contracts’ incorporate all these doctrines, and it is themix of this set of public values, and private obligations,that together produce what we call ‘a contract.’When the code enforces agreements, however, or whenthe code carries out a self-imposed constraint, thesepublic values do not necessarily enter into the mix.Consequences that a court might resist (forfeitures, forexample), the code can impose without hesitation. Thecode writer operates free of the implicit limitations ofcontract law. He or she can construct an alternativeregime for enforcing voluntary constraints. And nothingrequires or ensures that this alternative regime willcomport with the values of the background regime we call‘contract.’
. . . .For again, in real space, one might well believe that aset of obligations imposed through contract wasuntroubling. Conditioned by antitrust law, limited byprinciples of equity, cabined by doctrines of mistake andexcuse—the obligations would be checked by a courtbefore the constraints were made effective. There is astructural safety check on obligations of this sort, whichensures that the obligations don’t reach too deep. Whenintervening to enforce these obligations, a court wouldcarry with it the collection of tools that contract law hasdeveloped to modify, or soften, the obligations thatcontract law might otherwise enforce.The cyberspace analog has no equivalent toolbox. Itsobligations are not conditioned by the public values thatcontract law embraces. Its obligations instead flowautomatically from the structures imposed in the code.These structures serve the private ends of the codewriter; they are a private version of contract law. But asthe Legal Realists spent a generation teaching, and as weseem so keen to forget: contract law is public law.394The point to make is that technology will play a significantrole in defining digital property and it is imperative that thevalues of such technologically constructed digital property beclearly enunciated. These are values that will underpin theconstruction of culture and knowledge, and define the frameworkfor the creation and transfer of wealth through digitisedinformational products.CONCLUSION: THE ULTIMATE BOUNDARY? A QUESTION OF DIGITALCONSTITUTIONALISMThe purpose of this article has been to seek a betterunderstanding and definition of digital property. As the foregoingpages show, this is a complex process of reasoning.At a more traditional constitutional level, the intellectualproperty enumerating clauses will set limits and bring definition394. Lawrence Lessig, The Law of the Horse: What Cyberlaw Might Teach, 113Harv. L. Rev. 501, 530-31 (1999) (footnotes omitted).
- Page 112 and 113: motivating force.While antitrust or
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- Page 180 and 181: Taking UCITA on the Road: WhatLesso
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- Page 184 and 185: It is against this background that
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- Page 188 and 189: as well, such as the American Bar A
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. . . .For again, in real space, one might well believe that aset <strong>of</strong> obligations imposed through contract wasuntroubling. Conditioned by antitrust law, limited byprinciples <strong>of</strong> equity, cabined by doctrines <strong>of</strong> mistake andexcuse—the obligations would be checked by a courtbefore the constraints were made effective. There is astructural safety check on obligations <strong>of</strong> this sort, whichensures that the obligations don’t reach too deep. Whenintervening to enforce these obligations, a court wouldcarry with it the collection <strong>of</strong> tools that contract law hasdeveloped to modify, or s<strong>of</strong>ten, the obligations thatcontract law might otherwise enforce.The cyberspace analog has no equivalent toolbox. Itsobligations are not conditioned by the public values thatcontract law embraces. Its obligations instead flowautomatically from the structures imposed in the code.These structures serve the private ends <strong>of</strong> the codewriter; they are a private version <strong>of</strong> contract law. But asthe Legal Realists spent a generation teaching, and as weseem so keen to forget: contract law is public law.394The point to make is that technology will play a significantrole in defining digital property and it is imperative that thevalues <strong>of</strong> such technologically constructed digital property beclearly enunciated. These are values that will underpin theconstruction <strong>of</strong> culture and knowledge, and define the frameworkfor the creation and transfer <strong>of</strong> wealth through digitisedinformational products.CONCLUSION: THE ULTIMATE BOUNDARY? A QUESTION OF DIGITALCONSTITUTIONALISMThe purpose <strong>of</strong> this article has been to seek a betterunderstanding and definition <strong>of</strong> digital property. As the foregoingpages show, this is a complex process <strong>of</strong> reasoning.At a more traditional constitutional level, the intellectualproperty enumerating clauses will set limits and bring definition394. <strong>Law</strong>rence Lessig, The <strong>Law</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Horse: What Cyberlaw Might Teach, 113Harv. L. Rev. 501, 530-31 (1999) (footnotes omitted).