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130 • THE ANNUAL OF URDU STUDIESIn the generation between 1827 and 1857, hundreds of students, Hindu,Muslim, and a few Christians, 30 attended Delhi College. They studiedwith the teachers already mentioned, and many went on to becometeachers at the college themselves. They worked under the aegis of thevarious principals: J.H. Taylor (whom we encountered above), FelixBoutros (who replaced Taylor and who was the moving spirit behind thetranslation effort), and then Dr. Aloys Sprenger, a medical doctor fromthe Tyrol who had joined the Bengal medical service in order to pursuehis other, more compelling interest—Arabic and Persian philology—via acareer in India. Dr. Sprenger was especially influential in the developmentof publications at the college press. In 1845, he founded a journal at thecollege that he called Qir≥nu ’s-Sa‘dain, or “The Conjunction of Two[Fortunate] Planets,” an Arabic astrological term denoting the conjunctionof Jupiter and Venus, but also a metaphor for a successful collaboration.The reference to the interaction of two cultures, East and West, inthe mission of the college, is clear. 31Qir≥nu ’s-Sa‘dain, was only one of the journals published by the college,and it did not survive for long. Another, that enjoyed a longer run,was the Khairkhv≥h-e Hind (renamed the Mu√ibb-e Hind ), edited byMaster Ramchandra. Ramchandra, a Kayastha who eventually convertedto Christianity, was a math professor at Delhi College and intellectuallyone of its leading lights. 32 He wrote an original treatise on algebra that30 Enrollment figures taken from GCPI reports are cited in MDK. In 1845,for example, there were 460 students, 215 in the Oriental section (75 studyingArabic, 109 Persian, and 31 Sanskrit), and 245 in the Anglo-Vernacular section.Of these, 299 were Hindu, 146 Muslim, and 15 Christian (p. 46). In 1853, therewere only 320 students, 121 in the Oriental section (Arabic 39, Persian 57, Sanskrit25), and 199 in the Anglo-Vernacular. Of these, 217 were Hindu, 93 Muslim, and10 Christian (p. 55).31 On Sprenger, see MDK, pp. 155–56; Obituary in Journal of the Royal AsiaticSociety [JRAS] (April 1894): 394–95; and M. Ikram Chaghatai, “Dr. AloysSprenger (1813–1893): His Life and Contribution to Urdu Language and Literature,”Iqbal Review, 36:1 (1995), 77–99.32 On Ramchandra, see MDK, pp. 168–72; Edwin Jacob, A Memoir of ProfessorYesudas Ramchandra (Kanpur: Christ Church Mission Press, 1902); ¿adµqu’r-Ra√m≥n Qidv≥’µ, M≥sªar R≥m±andr≥ (Delhi: Department of Urdu, Delhi University,1961); Sayyida Ja‘far, M≥sªar R≥m±andr≥ aur Urd∑ Na¡r k® Irtiq≥’ m® Unk≥ƒiΩΩa (Hyderabad: Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute, 1960).
GAIL MINAULT • 131received favorable notice in Europe and ultimately earned him an awardfrom the government. In his writing and editing of Mu√ibb-e HindRamchandra gave evidence of a voracious and eclectic mind that, in addition,reflected the ideas and books that were being discussed at DelhiCollege and in intellectual circles in Delhi in the 1840s. 33 Some of thetitles of articles written by Ramchandra that appeared in the pages ofMu√ibb-e Hind exemplify the range of topics: “The Divisibility ofMatter—A Strange Description from the Researches of EuropeanScientists and Scholars” [“‡k ƒ≥l-e ‘Ajµb ƒukm≥y≥n-aur ‘¥qil≥n-e Y∑rap kµTa√qµq≥t m® s®”]; “A Description of a Diving Bell by which meansThings Sunken in the Sea may be Retrieved” [“Ÿikr-e ∆≥’®vig Bel, jis s®∆∑b≥ Huv≥ Asb≥b Samandar s® Nik≥l Sak®”]; articles on astronomy, onthe work of Sir Isaac Newton, and a discussion of human reason [ins≥n kµ‘aql k≥ bay≥n].Ramchandra also included articles about ancient Greece (“OnDemosthenes”), and about other Asian cultures (“On Confucius”), andserialized translations of Lane’s The Manners and Customs of the ModernEgyptians and of a biography of Sh≥h ‘Abb≥s of Iran. Other serializationsincluded Vernacular Translation Society publications such as a history ofEngland [Tarµkh-e Inglist≥n] and Elphinstone’s The Kingdom of Caubul,and original publications from the college press, such as Tarµkh-e Y∑sufµ,the travels of Y∑suf Kh≥n Kambalpåsh to England. Ramchandra alsodiscussed new technologies of agriculture and irrigation, and summarizedworks of history and popular science. One of the regular features in thisperiodical, devoted largely to dissemination of new knowledge about Eastand West, was a selection of Urdu poetry derived from accounts of localmush≥‘iras. This was evidence that relations between the college and localliterati were still good. 34The development of Urdu as a language of public discourse and33 Ramchandra, A Treatise on Problems of Maxima and Minima Solved byAlgebra (London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1859); cf. Dhruv Raina and S. IrfanHabib, “Cultural Foundations of a Nineteenth-Century Mathematical Project,”EPW, 24:37 (16 Sept. 1989), 2082–6.34 Qidv≥’µ, M≥sªar R≥m±andr≥, app., pp. 178–94; F≥r∑qµ, pp. 233–91; S. IrfanHabib and Dhruv Raina, “The Discourse on Scientific Rationality: A Study ofMaster Ramchandra, in T. Niranjana, P. Sudhir, and V. Dhareshwar, eds., InterrogatingModernity (Calcutta: Seagull, 1993), pp. 348–68; Mu√ibb-e Hind, Nos.14–37 (some Nos. missing), (Sept. 1848–Aug./Sept. 1850), IOLR.
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