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24 ReferencesKORA <strong>Bericht</strong> Nr. 135. ReferencesBannikow, A. G. 1954. Die Säugetiere der MVR. TrudyMong. kom. Ak. Nauk SSSR Moskau 53.Beltran, J. F. and M. Delibes, 1993. Physical characteristicsof Iberian Lynxes (Lynx pardinus) from Doñana, southwesternSpain. J. Mamm. 74 (4): 852–862.Breitenmoser, U. 1983. Zur Wiedereinbürgerung und Ausbreitungdes Luchses (Lynx lynx L.) in der Schweiz.Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 134: 207–222.Breitenmoser, U. and M. Baettig, 1992. Wiederansiedlungund Ausbreitung des Luchses Lynx lynx im SchweizerJura. Revue suisse Zool. 99: 13–176.Breitenmoser, U. and Ch. Breitenmoser-Würsten, 1998. DerLuchs. Biologie einheimischer Wildtiere 1/10a, Zürich.Formosow, A. N. 1929. Die Säugetiere der nördlichen Mongoleinach dem Material der Expedition vom Jahre 1926.Predvar. Otcet zool. Eksped. V Sev. Mongoliju. Leningrad.Garcia-Perea, R. 1994. The Pampas Cat Group (genus LynchailurusSevertzov, 1858) (Carnivora: Felidae), a systematicand biogeographic review. American Museum ofNatural History Nr 3096: 1–35 (New York).Garcia-Perea, R. 1994. Pampas Cats: how many species?.Cat News 20: 21–24.Grégorova, E. 1997. Lynx, Zoological Garden Bojnice.Griffiths, A. J. F. et al. 1996. An Introduction to GeneticAnalysis. Sixth Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company,New York.Haller, H. 1992. Zur Ökologie des Luchses (Lynx lynx) imVerlauf seiner Wiederansiedlung in den Walliser Alpen.Mammalia depicta 15: 1–62.Kistschinski, A. A. 1967. Zur Verbreitung und intraspezifischenVariation des Wolfs, Vielfrasses und Luchses aufdem Kolyma-Plateau und im Kolyma-Gebirge. In: Ekologijamlekopitajuschich i ptic. Pages 10–16. Moskau.Koubek, P. and J. Cerveny, 1996. Population developmentand recent distribution of the lynx (Lynx lynx) in theCzech republic. ACTA Scjentiarum natura 3: 2–15, Liumacademiae scienti arum bohemicae Brno.Kunc, L. 1971. Individualni variabilita zbarveni rysa ostrovida(Lynx lynx) Karpatske oblasti. Lynx n. s. 12: 60–65.Matjuschkin, E. N. 1978. Der Luchs. A. Ziemsen Verlag,Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Germany, 160 pp.Miric, D. J. 1978. Die Luchspopulationen der Balkanhalbinsel.Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Vol.DXXXIX, (55): 150 pp.Nowell K. and P. Jackson 1996. Wild Cats. InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,110 pp.Ognev, S. L. 1935. Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries.Vol. 3: 165–186, Carnivora, Moscow.Ortolani, A. and T. Caro, 1996. The Adaptive Significanceof Color Patterns in Carnivores: Phylogenetic Tests ofClassic Hypotheses. In: Gittleman J. L. (ed.) CarnivoreBehavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Vol. 2: 132–188.Ithaca, Cornell University Press.Ragni, B., M. Possenti and S. Mayr, 1993. The Lynx in theItalian Alps. Cat News 19: 21–25.Stollmann, A. 1963. Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Luchses, Lynxlynx in den tschechoslowakischen Karpaten. Folia Zoologica,Brünn (Brno), 12: 301–316.Vasiliu, G. D. and P. Decei, 1964. Über den Luchs (Lynxlynx) der rumänischen Karpaten. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen,München, 12: 155–183. (Bukarest).Weigel, I. 1961. Das Fellmuster der wildlebenden Katzenartenund der Hauskatze in vergleichender und stammesgeschichtlicherHinsicht. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen,München, 120 pp.Werdelin, L. and L. Olsson, 1997. How the Leopard got itsspots: a phylogenetic view of the evolution of felid coatpatterns. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62:383–400.
Juni 2002 Appendix I25Review coat patterns (supplementation of the Introduction)1. General statements on coat patterns in mammalsMammals exhibit a remarkable variety of coat patterns(Murray 1988). Especially carnivores show a wide varietyof basic pelage colors and a great diversity ofmarkings on their coat – including spots, stripes, bandsand patches (Ortolani & Caro 1996). Therefore theyare an exciting taxonomic group against which evolutionarytheories of coloration can be examined.At the turn of the century, naturalists began tospeculate about the survival value of the pelage andskin color (e.g. Roosevelt 1911). Work on animal colorationsince 1940 has concentrated primarily on thedevelopment of pelage patterning in mammals (e.g.Murray 1981), the mechanisms by which animalsmatch their background (e.g. Endler 1978) and thetheories underlying the evolution of coloration patterns(e.g. Endler 1988). It is generally accepted that specificcolor patterns in mammals are genetically determinedbut the actual mechanisms that create the patterns arestill unknown. Weigel (1961) believes that all coat patternsevolved from a dark-spotted type. The spots subsequentlybroke up and fused in a variety of ways togive the modern array of coat markings (Figure I.1).2. Present status of the research2.1. Individual identification and population estimationIn studies on the behavior of individual animals, spotpatterns have been used as the key feature to distinguishindividuals from one another in the field (Caro &Durant 1991). It is known that individual cheetahs varyin both coat color and pattern even within small populationsand tail markings of cheetahs born in the samelitter resemble each other more closely than those bornin different litters.These natural markings of coat patterns were alsoused for population estimations and studies of density.Karanth and Nichols (1998) estimated densities of wildtiger populations using photographic capture-markrecapturemodels in four ecologically distinct studysites. Based on the fact that tigers are individually identifiablefrom their stripe patterns (Schaller 1967),Karanth (1995) has demonstrated the potential for estimatingtheir population size using photographic „captures”,within the theoretical framework of formal capture-mark-recapturetheory. Tigers were identifiedfrom photographs by comparing shapes of specific individualstripes and positions of several such stripesrelative to each other on the animal body. Laass (1999)used the sight-resight method by photocaptures for aquantitative monitoring of a lynx population in thenorthwestern Swiss Alps.2.2. Developmental biology and adaptive valueSome striped animals are very difficult to detect intheir natural habitat, whilst others are clearly conspicuous.The pattern composed of regularly repeated stripeswere conspicuous and the irregular stripes were oftencryptic (Godfrey et al. 1987). The coat coloration playsan important role for the camouflage, for example alynx with a reddish coat and black spots disappears in abeech forest (Breitenmoser and Breitenmoser-Würsten1990). Coloration can yield concealment through threedifferent means: i) general color and pattern resemblanceor background invoke the similarity between ananimal’s color and that of the natural background inwhich it lives; ii) disruptive coloration, sharply contrastingcolors and irregular markings break up theform of the animal, making regions of its body appearmutually discontinuous and iii) countershading, lighteningof the ventral surface and darkening of the dorsalsurface of the animal is believed to counteract the effectsof shade and light. Striped patterns for examplemay camouflage in two ways: First, the stripes mayFigure I.1. Lynx systematics after Weigel (1961), Eurasian and Canada lynx.
Page 1 and 2: KORA Bericht Nr. 13 e Juni 2002ISSN
Page 3 and 4: Juni 2002 3Spatial and Temporal Dis
Page 5 and 6: Juni 2002 Content5Spatial and Tempo
Page 7 and 8: Juni 2002 Introduction / Material a
Page 9 and 10: Juni 2002 Results9Table 2. Statisti
Page 11 and 12: Juni 2002 Results11Table 3. Descrip
Page 13 and 14: Juni 2002 Results13Type 1: large sp
Page 15 and 16: Juni 2002 Results15Type 3: without
Page 17 and 18: Juni 2002 Results17Type 4b: small s
Page 19 and 20: Juni 2002 Results19Figure 11. Distr
Page 21 and 22: Juni 2002 Discussion21Figure 14. Th
Page 23: Juni 2002 Discussion23Table 4. Desc
Page 27 and 28: Juni 2002 Appendix I27With felids,
Page 29 and 30: Juni 2002 Appendix I29Figure I.5. V
Page 31 and 32: Juni 2002 Appendix II31Form with al
Page 33 and 34: Juni 2002 Appendix IV33Database of
Page 35: Bisher erschienene KORA BerichteKOR

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