The Prophet and His Day: Isaiah 1-39 - Free Bible Commentary

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BRIEF DEFINITIONS OF HEBREW VERBAL FORMSWHICH IMPACT EXEGESISI. Brief Historical Development of HebrewHebrew is part of the Shemitic (Semitic) family of southwest Asian language. The name(given by modern scholars) comes from Noah’s son, Shem (cf. Gen. 5:32; 6:10). Shem’sdescendants are listed in Gen. 10:21-31 as Arabs, Hebrews, Syrians, Arameans, and Assyrians. Inreality some Semitic languages are used by nations listed in Ham’s line (cf. Gen. 10:6-14), Canaan,Phoenicia, and Ethiopia.Hebrew is part of the northwest group of these Semitic languages. Modern scholars havesamples of this ancient language group from:A. Amorite (Mari Tablets from 18 th century B.C. in Akkadian)B. Canaanite (Ras Shamra Tablets from 15 th century in Ugaritic)C. Canaanite (Amarna Letters from 14 th century in Canaanite Akkadian)D. Phoenician (Hebrew uses Phoenician alphabet)E. Moabite (Mesha stone, 840 B.C.)F. Aramaic (official language of the Persian Empire used in Gen. 31:47 [2 words]; Jer. 10:11;Dan. 2:4-6; 7:28; Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26 and spoken by Jews in the first century in Palestine)The Hebrew language is called “the lip of Canaan” in Isa. 19:18. It was first called“Hebrew” in the prologue of Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of Ben Sirach) about 180 B.C. (and someother early places, cf. Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4, pp. 205ff). It is most closely related toMoabite and the language used at Ugarit. Examples of ancient Hebrew found outside theBible are:1. the Gezer calendar, 925 B.C. (a school boy’s writing)2. the Siloam Inscription, 705 B.C. (tunnel writings)3. Samaritan Ostraca, 770 B.C. (tax records on broken pottery)4. Lachish letters, 587 B.C. (war communications)5. Maccabean coins and seals6. some Dead Sea Scroll texts7. numerous inscriptions (cf. “Languages [Hebrew],” ABD 4:203ff)It, like all Semitic languages, is characterized by words made up of three consonants (triconsonantalroot). It is an inflexed language. The three-root consonants carry the basic wordmeaning, while prefixed, suffixed, or internal additions show the syntactical function (latervowels, cf. Sue Green, Linguistic Analysis of Biblical Hebrew, pp. 46-49).Hebrew vocabulary demonstrates a difference between prose and poetry. Wordmeanings are connected to folk etymologies (not linguistic origins). Word plays and soundplays are very common (paronomasia).iii
II.Aspects of PredicationA. VERBSThe normal expected word order is VERB, PRONOUN, SUBJECT (with modifiers), OBJECT (withmodifiers). The basic non-flagged VERB is the Qal, PERFECT, MASCULINE, SINGULAR form. Itis how Hebrew and Aramaic lexicons are arranged.VERBS are inflected to show1. number—singular, plural, dual2. gender—masculine and feminine (no neuter)3. mood—indicative, subjunctive, imperative (relation of the action to reality)4. tense (aspect)a. PERFECT, which denotes completion, in the sense of the beginning, continuing, andconcluding of an action. Usually this form was used of past action, the thing hasoccurred. J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament, says“The single whole described by a perfect is also considered as certain.An imperfect may picture a state as possible or desired or expected, but aperfect sees it as actual, real, and sure” (p. 36).S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, describes it as,“The perfect is employed to indicate actions the accomplishment ofwhich lies indeed in the future, but is regarded as dependant upon such anunalterable determination of the will that it may be spoken of as havingactually taken place: thus a resolution, promise, or decree, especially of Divineone, is frequently announced in the perfect tense” (p. 17, e.g., the propheticperfect).Robert B. Chisholm, Jr. From Exegesis to Exposition, defines this verbal form as:“...views a situation from the outside, as a whole. As such it expresses asimple fact, whether it be an action or state (including state of being or mind).When used of actions, it often views the action as complete from the rhetoricalstandpoint of the speaker or narrator (whether it is or is not complete in fact orreality is not the point). The perfect can pertain to an action/state in the past,present or future. As noted above, time frame, which influences how onetranslates the perfect into a tense-oriented language like English, must bedetermined from the context” (p. 86).b. IMPERFECT, which denotes an action in progress (incomplete, repetitive,continual, or contingent), often movement toward a goal. Usually this formwas used of Present and Future action.J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament, says:“All IMPERFECTS represent incomplete states. They are either repeated ordeveloping or contingent. In other words, or partially developed, or partiallyassured. In all cases they are partial in some sense, i.e., incomplete” (p. 55).Robert B. Chisholm, Jr. From Exegesis to Exposition, says:“It is difficult to reduce the essence of the imperfect to a single concept, for itencompasses both aspect and mood. Sometimes the imperfect is used in anindicative manner and makes an objective statement. At other times it views anaction more subjectively, as hypothetical, contingent, possible, and so on” (p. 89).c. The added waw, which links the VERB to the action of the previous VERB(s).d. IMPERATIVE, which is based on the volition of the speaker and potential action bythe hearer.e. In ancient Hebrew only the larger context can determine the authorial-intended timeorientations.iv
Page 1 and 2: YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THE BIBLEISAIAH:
Page 3 and 4: Isaiah 26 .........................
Page 5 and 6: Elder, II John 1 ..................
Page 7: The Hebrew text used is Biblia Hebr
Page 11 and 12: should clearly grasp, not so much t
Page 13 and 14: c. something which is possible or e
Page 15 and 16: NIVNJBNRSVOTPGREBRSVNew Internation
Page 17 and 18: A. The New King James Version (NKJV
Page 19 and 20: B. I believe the Bible was written
Page 21 and 22: . contemporary word usagec. genre3.
Page 23 and 24: In applying the Bible, it is import
Page 25 and 26: 4. ambiguous textsAlthough the Engl
Page 27 and 28: 2. by chronology3. by events which
Page 29 and 30: (3) Israel as(a) wife, 50:1(b) serv
Page 32 and 33: a. Hezekiah fully participated in t
Page 34 and 35: IX.MAIN TRUTHSA. Isaiah held Judah
Page 36 and 37: 1:27-31(27-31) (27-31) (27-31)1:27-
Page 38 and 39: c. El-Shaddai (“God Almighty” o
Page 40 and 41: c. from a Ugaritic (Canaanite) root
Page 42 and 43: SPECIAL TOPIC: BOB’S EVANGELICAL
Page 44 and 45: incapable of appropriate action (cf
Page 46 and 47: Here is a good quote to conclude th
Page 48 and 49: } “whole head. . .whole heart”
Page 50 and 51: SPECIAL TOPIC: THE REMNANT, THREE S
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3. Asis - This is obviously alcohol
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 1:24-2624There
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SPECIAL TOPIC: FIREFire has both po
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ISAIAH 2PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
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C. The resultant Judgment of YHWH,
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Zaphon in the far north (cf. Isa. 1
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The world mission of gospel proclam
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Lord.” I have come face to face w
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and make it “traders.” It seems
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21In order to go into the caverns o
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Woe to them!For they have brought e
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3:4 Judah’s elder leadership will
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These phrases could be1. literala.
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3:17NASB, NJB,REB “make their for
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} “the Branch of the LORD” To d
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SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TWO BOOKS OF GOD
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BRIEF OUTLINEA. The Parabolic Song,
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6I will lay it waste;It will not be
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SPECIAL TOPIC: ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN
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them spiritual ears and eyes (cf. D
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2. Jeremiah changed it from a place
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5:17 “Then the lambs will graze a
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So their root will become like rot
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The term “nations” in the Masor
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. There has alw
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II.9. human form - Exod. 24:9-11; P
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SPECIAL TOPIC: HOLYI. Old Testament
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12The LORD has removed men far away
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} “Send me” The VERB “send”
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} “Whose stump remains when it is
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3. Third paragraph4. Etc.BACKGROUND
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} “Shear-jashub” This is Isaiah
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} “from the LORD your God” It i
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7:18 “In that day” “That day
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8:1 “Take for yourself a large ta
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4. Huldah was a prophetess whom Kin
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Even the king of Assyria and all hi
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55:8-11; Ps. 33:11). God needs nor
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III.C. Paul uses the concept of a
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The second NOUN, “spiritists” (
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Read the chapter in one sitting. Id
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Because of the desert between Mesop
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 9:8-128The Lor
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19By the fury of the LORD of hosts
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following the original author’s i
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10:6 “a godless nation. . .the pe
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Or like a rod lifting him who is no
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27So it will be in that day, that h
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10:33 The second half of this verse
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2. Second paragraph3. Third paragra
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a. counsel, BDB 420b. strength, BDB
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The fatling would have sacrificial
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(2) Mark 10:41(3) Luke 14:31; 15:8;
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ISAIAH 12PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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} “although You were angry with m
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WORD AND PHRASE STUDYNASB (UPDATED)
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13:2 This describes the gathering o
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6. little ones dashed to pieces in
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2. The concept of a personal archen
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} “Jacob. . .Israel” These two
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happened, and just as I have planne
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14:12 “How you have fallen from h
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Loss of descendants was seen as a g
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONSThis is a study
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSLocations Mentio
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15:2 “Dibon. . .Nebo. . .Medeba
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16:2 Moab is described as1. fleeing
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12So it will come about when Moab p
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} “the remnant of Syria” This p
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SPECIAL TOPIC: FERTILITY WORSHIP OF
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 17:12-1412Alas
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3All you inhabitants of the world a
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However, this context could be unde
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In this text the people claimed to
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7. purified the water at Marah, Exo
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 19:16-1716In t
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} “a Savior and a Champion” In
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6. sparing Jerusalem from Assyria,
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3. Third paragraph4. Etc.CONTEXTUAL
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21:3-4 The prophet describes the ef
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 21:11-1211The
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ased on certain word plays or key w
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This same area may have been filled
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22:15-19 This describes YHWH’s ju
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1. Gen. 15:6 - Abram’s personal e
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2. load will be cut down (BDB 154,
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. This condemna
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2. the palace, temple, and fortress
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23:10 The rival maritime empire of
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23:17-18 The riches of Phoenicia wi
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BACKGROUND STUDYA. Isaiah 24-27 for
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6. completely despoiled, v. 3, BDB
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Peshitta “shall be destroyed”LX
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} “As the shaking of an olive tre
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angels who have aided in either the
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4. You have made a city into a heap
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}NASBNKJV, PeshittaNRSVTEV, NJBREB
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25:9 “in that day” This refers
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6. “spread out,” BDB 831, KB 97
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VIII. “His words”A. BDB 202 - D
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NJB, REB “we invoke your name”L
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 26:20-2120Come
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. This is the c
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27:4-5 There are several COHORTATIV
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} “by driving them away” The He
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONSThis is a study
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following the original author’s i
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Notice how the LORD’S agent is ch
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For morning after morning it will p
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28:16 This verse is a shocking chan
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29This also comes from the LORD of
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. The Jewish St
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Thus the multitude of all the natio
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This was accomplished by1. blob of
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 29:22-2422Ther
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. LutroÇ, “to release”(1) to r
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} “rebellious children” This ti
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Prophesy illusions.11Get out of the
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. see not, BDB 906, KB 1157, negate
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 30:1818Therefo
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2. good crops, v. 23a. rich (BDB 20
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JB“will be battered”LXX, Peshit
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B. The Anchor Bible has an interest
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} “the LORD of hosts come down”
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} “whose fire. . .furnace” This
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. Chapters 31-3
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12Beat your breasts for the pleasan
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NJB “Ophel” (BDB 779), a sectio
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l. eternity everlasting(1) I Kgs. 8
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all people are honored and treated
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} “locusts” Locust invasions we
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33:13 “You who are far away. . .y
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3. or bothIn v. 17, both “your ey
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B. Because there is a double space
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34:4 This hyperbolic language relat
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NKJV “night creature”NRSV, NJB
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1. seek, BDB 205, KB 233, Qal IMPER
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. fear not, BDB 431, KB 432, Qal IM
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36:2 “And the king of Assyria sen
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36:7 “whose high places and whose
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2. Arpad was a city in northern Syr
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1. First paragraph2. Second paragra
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} “I will make him fall by the sw
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37:19 The truth of v. 18 is seen to
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II.3. Model Prayer, Matt. 6:5-13; L
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C. Other aspects1. Perseverancea. L
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translation. The term can have eith
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 38:4-64Then th
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} “LORD. . .LORD” The MT has Ya
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The MT has the VERB “loved” (8-
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Also note that the Babylon of Hezek
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B. A. Briggs in his book, General I
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APPENDIX TWOINTRODUCTION TO OLD TES
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E. Prophets represent God to the pe
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APPENDIX THREEA BRIEF HISTORICAL SU
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Haran. He engaged the Babylonian fo
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n. 1340-1310 Haremhab3. 19th Dynast
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APPENDIX FOURCHARTSOLD TESTAMENT TI
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KINGS AND EVENTS OF THE BABYLONIAN,
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GREECE359 - 336 Philip II of Macedo
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GREEK359 - 336 Philip II of Macedon
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JUDAH’S KINGS (I CHR. 3:1-16; MAT
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APPENDIX FIVE - DOCTRINAL STATEMENT
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