The Prophet and His Day: Isaiah 1-39 - Free Bible Commentary

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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 1:24-2624Therefore the Lord GOD of hosts,The Mighty One of Israel, declares,"Ah, I will be relieved of My adversariesAnd avenge Myself on My foes.25I will also turn My hand against you,And will smelt away your dross as with lyeAnd will remove all your alloy.26Then I will restore your judges as at the first,And your counselors as at the beginning;After that you will be called the city of righteousness,A faithful city."1:24-26 YHWH speaks of His future plans of restoring His people (cf. v.26) after judgment on thewicked leadership.1. “I will be relieved of My adversaries,” v. 24, BDB 636, KB 688, Niphal IMPERFECT used in aCOHORTATIVE sense2. “I will avenge Myself on My foes,” v. 24, BDB 667, KB 721, Niphal COHORTATIVE3. “I will also turn My hand against you,” v. 25. BDB 996, KB 1427, Hiphil COHORTATIVE4. “I will melt away your dross as with lye,” v. 25, BDB 864, KB 1057, Qal IMPERFECT used ina COHORTATIVE sense5. “I will remove all your alloy,” v. 25, BDB 693, KB 747, Hiphil COHORTATIVE6. “I will restore your judges,” v. 26, BDB 996, KB 1427 Hiphil COHORTATIVE7. “I will restore your counselors,” v. 26 (same as #6, one VERB, two OBJECTS; these must relateto the Exodus period)Note that the purpose of judgment is restoration (cf. v. 27)!1:24 Notice the two Divine names in v. 24!1.-2. the Lord, GOD of hosts (adon, YHWH, cf. Ps. 110:1; NIDOTTE, vol. 4, pp.1297-1298)3. the Mighty One of Israel (cf. Gen. 49:24; Ps. 132:2,5; Isa. 49:26; 60:16)1:25-26 “you. . .your” These two verses use FEMININE SINGULARS to denote that YHWH is addressingthe unfaithful capital city of Judah, Jerusalem, with all her economic, military, and religious powerstructures.As vv. 19 and 20 used the same VERB in contrasting ways, so too, vv. 25 and 26 with1. I will turn My hand against you, BDB 996, KB 1427, Hiphil COHORTATIVE2. I will restore, BDB 996, KB 1427, Hiphil COHORTATIVEThe same term is used in v. 27, “the returnees” (BDB 996, KB 1427, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE) todescribe those touched by God’s justice and righteousness.1:26 “A faithful city” Is this an obvious reversal of the sarcasm of v. 21? Jerusalem is no longer “aharlot,” but a restored, faithful woman (i.e., “city” is FEMININE). She has finally become true to her title,faithful to God, faithful to His covenant, and faithful to each other!35
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 1:27-3127Zion will be redeemed with justiceAnd her repentant ones with righteousness.28But transgressors and sinners will be crushed together,And those who forsake the LORD will come to an end.29Surely you will be ashamed of the oaks which you have desired,And you will be embarrassed at the gardens which you have chosen.30For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades awayOr as a garden that has no water.31The strong man will become tinder,His work also a spark.Thus they shall both burn togetherAnd there will be none to quench them.1:27-28 Note the parallelism.1. v. 27, the people of the restored city (v. 26 lines 3 and 4) will be characterized by “justice”and “righteousness”2. v. 28, the one who refuses to repent (turn back) will be “crushed” and “come to an end”Therefore, there is synonymous parallelism within vv. 27 and 28, but antithetical parallelism betweenvv. 27 and 28.There is some question about v. 27. Does it describe what God is doing and will do or does itdescribe faithful covenant people? The answer is “yes.” God wants a righteous people to reflect Hischaracter to the lost nations. These qualities are objective (God) and subjective (believers).1:29 This verse describes Judah’s idolatry. It could refer to1. Ba’al, Asherah worship at local shrines (i.e., Asherah was symbolized by a live tree or carvedstake, cf. 57:5, which also mentions the sacrificing of children to Molech)2. worship at sacred trees (local gods, cf. 65:3; 66:17)3. worship in sacred gardens often associated with a secret place for idolatry. In ANE literaturetemples and special gardens were often connected.It must be added that it is possible that the paragraph (vv. 27-31) refers to the exploitation andmaterialism of the wealthy classes of Judean society. The references in v. 29 are to choice property (i.e.,violation of YHWH’s special love toward the poor, ostracized, powerless) and not idolatry (i.e.,violation of YHWH’s uniqueness).Read the chapter and decide for yourself! Whichever it is, it fails to reflect YHWH’s character tothe nations!1:30 “fades” This VERB (BDB 615, KB 663, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE) is used metaphorically for thefleetingness of human existence (cf. 34:4; 64:6; Ps. 90:5-6).1:31 Fire is often associated with judgment or cleansing (i.e., 6:13; Jer. 4:4; 7:2; Amos 5:6).36
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YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THE BIBLEISAIAH:
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Isaiah 26 .........................
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Elder, II John 1 ..................
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The Hebrew text used is Biblia Hebr
Page 9 and 10: II.Aspects of PredicationA. VERBSTh
Page 11 and 12: should clearly grasp, not so much t
Page 13 and 14: c. something which is possible or e
Page 15 and 16: NIVNJBNRSVOTPGREBRSVNew Internation
Page 17 and 18: A. The New King James Version (NKJV
Page 19 and 20: B. I believe the Bible was written
Page 21 and 22: . contemporary word usagec. genre3.
Page 23 and 24: In applying the Bible, it is import
Page 25 and 26: 4. ambiguous textsAlthough the Engl
Page 27 and 28: 2. by chronology3. by events which
Page 29 and 30: (3) Israel as(a) wife, 50:1(b) serv
Page 32 and 33: a. Hezekiah fully participated in t
Page 34 and 35: IX.MAIN TRUTHSA. Isaiah held Judah
Page 36 and 37: 1:27-31(27-31) (27-31) (27-31)1:27-
Page 38 and 39: c. El-Shaddai (“God Almighty” o
Page 40 and 41: c. from a Ugaritic (Canaanite) root
Page 42 and 43: SPECIAL TOPIC: BOB’S EVANGELICAL
Page 44 and 45: incapable of appropriate action (cf
Page 46 and 47: Here is a good quote to conclude th
Page 48 and 49: } “whole head. . .whole heart”
Page 50 and 51: SPECIAL TOPIC: THE REMNANT, THREE S
Page 52 and 53: 2. other sexual sins, Lev. 18:26,27
Page 54 and 55: (4) redemption(5) glorification(6)
Page 56 and 57: 3. the covenant with Abraham (cf. G
Page 58 and 59: 3. Asis - This is obviously alcohol
Page 62 and 63: SPECIAL TOPIC: FIREFire has both po
Page 64 and 65: ISAIAH 2PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
Page 66 and 67: C. The resultant Judgment of YHWH,
Page 68 and 69: Zaphon in the far north (cf. Isa. 1
Page 70 and 71: The world mission of gospel proclam
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Page 76 and 77: 21In order to go into the caverns o
Page 80 and 81: Woe to them!For they have brought e
Page 82 and 83: 3:4 Judah’s elder leadership will
Page 84 and 85: These phrases could be1. literala.
Page 86 and 87: 3:17NASB, NJB,REB “make their for
Page 90 and 91: } “the Branch of the LORD” To d
Page 92 and 93: SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TWO BOOKS OF GOD
Page 96 and 97: BRIEF OUTLINEA. The Parabolic Song,
Page 98 and 99: 6I will lay it waste;It will not be
Page 100 and 101: SPECIAL TOPIC: ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN
Page 102 and 103: them spiritual ears and eyes (cf. D
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The term “nations” in the Masor
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. There has alw
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II.9. human form - Exod. 24:9-11; P
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SPECIAL TOPIC: HOLYI. Old Testament
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12The LORD has removed men far away
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} “Send me” The VERB “send”
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} “Whose stump remains when it is
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3. Third paragraph4. Etc.BACKGROUND
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} “Shear-jashub” This is Isaiah
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} “from the LORD your God” It i
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7:18 “In that day” “That day
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ISAIAH 8PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
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8:1 “Take for yourself a large ta
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4. Huldah was a prophetess whom Kin
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Even the king of Assyria and all hi
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55:8-11; Ps. 33:11). God needs nor
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III.C. Paul uses the concept of a
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The second NOUN, “spiritists” (
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Read the chapter in one sitting. Id
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Because of the desert between Mesop
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 9:8-128The Lor
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19By the fury of the LORD of hosts
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following the original author’s i
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10:6 “a godless nation. . .the pe
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Or like a rod lifting him who is no
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27So it will be in that day, that h
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10:33 The second half of this verse
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2. Second paragraph3. Third paragra
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a. counsel, BDB 420b. strength, BDB
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The fatling would have sacrificial
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(2) Mark 10:41(3) Luke 14:31; 15:8;
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ISAIAH 12PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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} “although You were angry with m
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WORD AND PHRASE STUDYNASB (UPDATED)
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13:2 This describes the gathering o
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6. little ones dashed to pieces in
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2. The concept of a personal archen
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} “Jacob. . .Israel” These two
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happened, and just as I have planne
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14:12 “How you have fallen from h
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Loss of descendants was seen as a g
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONSThis is a study
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSLocations Mentio
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15:2 “Dibon. . .Nebo. . .Medeba
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16:2 Moab is described as1. fleeing
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12So it will come about when Moab p
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} “the remnant of Syria” This p
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SPECIAL TOPIC: FERTILITY WORSHIP OF
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 17:12-1412Alas
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3All you inhabitants of the world a
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However, this context could be unde
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In this text the people claimed to
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7. purified the water at Marah, Exo
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 19:16-1716In t
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} “a Savior and a Champion” In
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6. sparing Jerusalem from Assyria,
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3. Third paragraph4. Etc.CONTEXTUAL
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21:3-4 The prophet describes the ef
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 21:11-1211The
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ased on certain word plays or key w
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This same area may have been filled
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22:15-19 This describes YHWH’s ju
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1. Gen. 15:6 - Abram’s personal e
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2. load will be cut down (BDB 154,
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. This condemna
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2. the palace, temple, and fortress
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23:10 The rival maritime empire of
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23:17-18 The riches of Phoenicia wi
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BACKGROUND STUDYA. Isaiah 24-27 for
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6. completely despoiled, v. 3, BDB
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Peshitta “shall be destroyed”LX
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} “As the shaking of an olive tre
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angels who have aided in either the
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4. You have made a city into a heap
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}NASBNKJV, PeshittaNRSVTEV, NJBREB
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25:9 “in that day” This refers
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6. “spread out,” BDB 831, KB 97
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VIII. “His words”A. BDB 202 - D
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NJB, REB “we invoke your name”L
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 26:20-2120Come
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. This is the c
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27:4-5 There are several COHORTATIV
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} “by driving them away” The He
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONSThis is a study
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following the original author’s i
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Notice how the LORD’S agent is ch
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For morning after morning it will p
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28:16 This verse is a shocking chan
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29This also comes from the LORD of
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. The Jewish St
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Thus the multitude of all the natio
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This was accomplished by1. blob of
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 29:22-2422Ther
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. LutroÇ, “to release”(1) to r
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} “rebellious children” This ti
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Prophesy illusions.11Get out of the
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. see not, BDB 906, KB 1157, negate
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 30:1818Therefo
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2. good crops, v. 23a. rich (BDB 20
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JB“will be battered”LXX, Peshit
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B. The Anchor Bible has an interest
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} “the LORD of hosts come down”
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} “whose fire. . .furnace” This
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. Chapters 31-3
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12Beat your breasts for the pleasan
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NJB “Ophel” (BDB 779), a sectio
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l. eternity everlasting(1) I Kgs. 8
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all people are honored and treated
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} “locusts” Locust invasions we
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33:13 “You who are far away. . .y
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3. or bothIn v. 17, both “your ey
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B. Because there is a double space
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34:4 This hyperbolic language relat
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NKJV “night creature”NRSV, NJB
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1. seek, BDB 205, KB 233, Qal IMPER
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. fear not, BDB 431, KB 432, Qal IM
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36:2 “And the king of Assyria sen
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36:7 “whose high places and whose
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2. Arpad was a city in northern Syr
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1. First paragraph2. Second paragra
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} “I will make him fall by the sw
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37:19 The truth of v. 18 is seen to
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II.3. Model Prayer, Matt. 6:5-13; L
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C. Other aspects1. Perseverancea. L
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translation. The term can have eith
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 38:4-64Then th
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} “LORD. . .LORD” The MT has Ya
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The MT has the VERB “loved” (8-
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Also note that the Babylon of Hezek
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B. A. Briggs in his book, General I
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APPENDIX TWOINTRODUCTION TO OLD TES
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E. Prophets represent God to the pe
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APPENDIX THREEA BRIEF HISTORICAL SU
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Haran. He engaged the Babylonian fo
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n. 1340-1310 Haremhab3. 19th Dynast
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APPENDIX FOURCHARTSOLD TESTAMENT TI
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KINGS AND EVENTS OF THE BABYLONIAN,
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GREECE359 - 336 Philip II of Macedo
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GREEK359 - 336 Philip II of Macedon
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JUDAH’S KINGS (I CHR. 3:1-16; MAT
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APPENDIX FIVE - DOCTRINAL STATEMENT
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