13.07.2015
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B. A. Briggs in his book, General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture (1899) developedthe next stage of analysis of Hebrew poetry:1. emblematic - one clause literal and the second metaphorical, Ps. 42:1; 103:3.2. climatic or stair-like - the clauses reveal truth in an ascending fashion, Ps. 19:7-14; 29:1-2; 103:20-22.3. introverted - a series of clauses, usually at least four are related by the internal structure ofline 1 to 4 and 2 to 3 - Ps. 30:8-10aC. G. B. Gray in his book, The Forms of Hebrew Poetry (1915) developed the concept ofbalanced clauses further by:1. complete balance - where every word in line one is repeated or balanced by a word in linetwo - Psalm 83:14 and Isaiah 1:32. incomplete balance where the clauses are not the same length - Ps. 59:16; 75:6D. Today there is a growing recognition of literary structural pattern in Hebrew called a chiasm,which denotes an odd number of parallel lines forming an hour glass shape whereby the centralline is emphasized.E. Type of sound patterns found in poetry in general, but not often in eastern poetry1. play on alphabet (acrostic. cf. Ps. 9,34,37,119; Prov. 31:10ff; Lam. 1-4)2. play on consonants (alliteration, cf. Ps. 6:8; 27:7; 122:6; Isa. 1:18-26)3. play on vowels (assonance, cf. Gen. 49:17; Exod. 14:14; Ezek. 27:27)4. play on repetition of similar sounding words with different meanings (paronomasia)5. play on words which, when pronounced, sound like the thing they name (onomatopoeia)6. special opening and close (inclusive)F. There are several types of poetry in the Old Testament. Some are topic related and some areform related.1. dedication song - Num. 21:17-182. work songs - (alluded to but not recorded in Jdgs. 9:27); Isa. 16:10; Jer. 25:30; 48:333. ballads - Num. 21:27-30; Isa. 23:164. drinking songs - negative, Isa. 5:11-13; Amos 6:4-7 and positive, Isa. 22:135. love poems - Song of Songs, wedding riddle - Jdgs. 14:10-18, wedding song - Ps. 456. laments/dirge - (alluded to but not recorded in II Sam. 1:17 and II Chr. 35:25)II Sam. 3:33; Ps. 27, 28; Jer. 9:17-22; Lam.; Ezek. 19:1-14; 26:17-18; Nah. 3:15-197. war songs - Gen. 4:23-24; Exod. 15:1-18,20; Num. 10:35-36; 21:14-15; Josh. 10:13; Jdgs.5:1-31; 11:34; I Sam. 18:6; II Sam. 1:18; Isa. 47:1-15; 37:218. special benedictions or blessing of leader - Gen. 49; Num. 6:24-26; Deut. 32; II Sam.23:1-79. magical texts - Balaam, Num. 24:3-910. sacred poems - Psalms11. acrostic poems - Ps. 9,34,37,119; Prov. 31:10ff and Lamentations 1-412. curses - Num. 21:22-3013. taunt poems - Isa. 14:1-22; 47:1-15; Ezek. 28:1-2314. a book of war poems (Jashar) - Num. 21:14-15; Josh. 10:12-13; II Sam. 1:18377
IV.GUIDELINE TO INTERPRETING HEBREW POETRYA. Look for the central truth of the stanza or strophe (this is like a paragraph in prose.) The RSVwas the first modern translation to identify poetry by stanzas. Compare modern translationsfor helpful insights.B. Identify the figurative language and express it in prose. Remember this type of literature isvery compact, much is left for the reader to fill in.C. Be sure to relate the longer issue oriented poems to their literary context (often the wholebook) and historical setting.D. Judges 4 and 5 are very helpful in seeing how poetry expresses history. Judges 4 is prose andJudges 5 is poetry of the same event (also compare Exodus 14 & 15).E. Attempt to identify the type of parallelism involved, whether synonymous, antithetical, orsynthetic. This is very important.378
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YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THE BIBLEISAIAH:
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Isaiah 26 .........................
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Elder, II John 1 ..................
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The Hebrew text used is Biblia Hebr
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II.Aspects of PredicationA. VERBSTh
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should clearly grasp, not so much t
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c. something which is possible or e
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NIVNJBNRSVOTPGREBRSVNew Internation
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A. The New King James Version (NKJV
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B. I believe the Bible was written
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. contemporary word usagec. genre3.
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In applying the Bible, it is import
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4. ambiguous textsAlthough the Engl
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2. by chronology3. by events which
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(3) Israel as(a) wife, 50:1(b) serv
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a. Hezekiah fully participated in t
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IX.MAIN TRUTHSA. Isaiah held Judah
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1:27-31(27-31) (27-31) (27-31)1:27-
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c. El-Shaddai (“God Almighty” o
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c. from a Ugaritic (Canaanite) root
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SPECIAL TOPIC: BOB’S EVANGELICAL
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incapable of appropriate action (cf
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Here is a good quote to conclude th
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} “whole head. . .whole heart”
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SPECIAL TOPIC: THE REMNANT, THREE S
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2. other sexual sins, Lev. 18:26,27
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(4) redemption(5) glorification(6)
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3. the covenant with Abraham (cf. G
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3. Asis - This is obviously alcohol
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 1:24-2624There
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SPECIAL TOPIC: FIREFire has both po
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ISAIAH 2PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
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C. The resultant Judgment of YHWH,
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Zaphon in the far north (cf. Isa. 1
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The world mission of gospel proclam
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Lord.” I have come face to face w
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and make it “traders.” It seems
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21In order to go into the caverns o
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ISAIAH 3PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
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Woe to them!For they have brought e
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3:4 Judah’s elder leadership will
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These phrases could be1. literala.
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3:17NASB, NJB,REB “make their for
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ISAIAH 4PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
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} “the Branch of the LORD” To d
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SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TWO BOOKS OF GOD
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ISAIAH 5PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
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BRIEF OUTLINEA. The Parabolic Song,
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6I will lay it waste;It will not be
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SPECIAL TOPIC: ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN
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them spiritual ears and eyes (cf. D
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2. Jeremiah changed it from a place
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5:17 “Then the lambs will graze a
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So their root will become like rot
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The term “nations” in the Masor
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. There has alw
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II.9. human form - Exod. 24:9-11; P
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SPECIAL TOPIC: HOLYI. Old Testament
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12The LORD has removed men far away
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} “Send me” The VERB “send”
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} “Whose stump remains when it is
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3. Third paragraph4. Etc.BACKGROUND
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} “Shear-jashub” This is Isaiah
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} “from the LORD your God” It i
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7:18 “In that day” “That day
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ISAIAH 8PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
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8:1 “Take for yourself a large ta
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4. Huldah was a prophetess whom Kin
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Even the king of Assyria and all hi
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55:8-11; Ps. 33:11). God needs nor
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III.C. Paul uses the concept of a
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The second NOUN, “spiritists” (
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Read the chapter in one sitting. Id
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Because of the desert between Mesop
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 9:8-128The Lor
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19By the fury of the LORD of hosts
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following the original author’s i
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10:6 “a godless nation. . .the pe
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Or like a rod lifting him who is no
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27So it will be in that day, that h
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10:33 The second half of this verse
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2. Second paragraph3. Third paragra
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a. counsel, BDB 420b. strength, BDB
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The fatling would have sacrificial
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(2) Mark 10:41(3) Luke 14:31; 15:8;
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ISAIAH 12PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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} “although You were angry with m
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ISAIAH 13PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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WORD AND PHRASE STUDYNASB (UPDATED)
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13:2 This describes the gathering o
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6. little ones dashed to pieces in
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ISAIAH 14PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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2. The concept of a personal archen
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} “Jacob. . .Israel” These two
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happened, and just as I have planne
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14:12 “How you have fallen from h
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Loss of descendants was seen as a g
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONSThis is a study
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSLocations Mentio
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15:2 “Dibon. . .Nebo. . .Medeba
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ISAIAH 16PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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16:2 Moab is described as1. fleeing
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12So it will come about when Moab p
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ISAIAH 17PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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} “the remnant of Syria” This p
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SPECIAL TOPIC: FERTILITY WORSHIP OF
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 17:12-1412Alas
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3All you inhabitants of the world a
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However, this context could be unde
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ISAIAH 19PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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In this text the people claimed to
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7. purified the water at Marah, Exo
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 19:16-1716In t
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} “a Savior and a Champion” In
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ISAIAH 20PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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6. sparing Jerusalem from Assyria,
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3. Third paragraph4. Etc.CONTEXTUAL
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21:3-4 The prophet describes the ef
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 21:11-1211The
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ISAIAH 22PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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ased on certain word plays or key w
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This same area may have been filled
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22:15-19 This describes YHWH’s ju
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1. Gen. 15:6 - Abram’s personal e
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2. load will be cut down (BDB 154,
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. This condemna
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2. the palace, temple, and fortress
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23:10 The rival maritime empire of
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23:17-18 The riches of Phoenicia wi
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BACKGROUND STUDYA. Isaiah 24-27 for
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6. completely despoiled, v. 3, BDB
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Peshitta “shall be destroyed”LX
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} “As the shaking of an olive tre
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angels who have aided in either the
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ISAIAH 25PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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4. You have made a city into a heap
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}NASBNKJV, PeshittaNRSVTEV, NJBREB
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25:9 “in that day” This refers
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ISAIAH 26PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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WORD AND PHRASE STUDYNASB (UPDATED)
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6. “spread out,” BDB 831, KB 97
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VIII. “His words”A. BDB 202 - D
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NJB, REB “we invoke your name”L
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 26:20-2120Come
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. This is the c
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27:4-5 There are several COHORTATIV
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} “by driving them away” The He
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONSThis is a study
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following the original author’s i
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Notice how the LORD’S agent is ch
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For morning after morning it will p
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28:16 This verse is a shocking chan
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29This also comes from the LORD of
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. The Jewish St
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Thus the multitude of all the natio
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This was accomplished by1. blob of
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 29:22-2422Ther
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. LutroÇ, “to release”(1) to r
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ISAIAH 30PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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} “rebellious children” This ti
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Prophesy illusions.11Get out of the
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. see not, BDB 906, KB 1157, negate
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 30:1818Therefo
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2. good crops, v. 23a. rich (BDB 20
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JB“will be battered”LXX, Peshit
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B. The Anchor Bible has an interest
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} “the LORD of hosts come down”
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} “whose fire. . .furnace” This
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. Chapters 31-3
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12Beat your breasts for the pleasan
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NJB “Ophel” (BDB 779), a sectio
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l. eternity everlasting(1) I Kgs. 8
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all people are honored and treated
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ISAIAH 33PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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WORD AND PHRASE STUDYNASB (UPDATED)
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} “locusts” Locust invasions we
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33:13 “You who are far away. . .y
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3. or bothIn v. 17, both “your ey
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B. Because there is a double space
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34:4 This hyperbolic language relat
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NKJV “night creature”NRSV, NJB
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1. seek, BDB 205, KB 233, Qal IMPER
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WORD AND PHRASE STUDYNASB (UPDATED)
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. fear not, BDB 431, KB 432, Qal IM
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ISAIAH 36PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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36:2 “And the king of Assyria sen
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36:7 “whose high places and whose
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2. Arpad was a city in northern Syr
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1. First paragraph2. Second paragra
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} “I will make him fall by the sw
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37:19 The truth of v. 18 is seen to
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II.3. Model Prayer, Matt. 6:5-13; L
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C. Other aspects1. Perseverancea. L
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translation. The term can have eith
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ISAIAH 38PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 38:4-64Then th
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} “LORD. . .LORD” The MT has Ya
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The MT has the VERB “loved” (8-
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ISAIAH 39PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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Also note that the Babylon of Hezek
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APPENDIX TWOINTRODUCTION TO OLD TES
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E. Prophets represent God to the pe
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APPENDIX THREEA BRIEF HISTORICAL SU
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Haran. He engaged the Babylonian fo
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n. 1340-1310 Haremhab3. 19th Dynast
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APPENDIX FOURCHARTSOLD TESTAMENT TI
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KINGS AND EVENTS OF THE BABYLONIAN,
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GREECE359 - 336 Philip II of Macedo
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GREEK359 - 336 Philip II of Macedon
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JUDAH’S KINGS (I CHR. 3:1-16; MAT
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APPENDIX FIVE - DOCTRINAL STATEMENT
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