The Prophet and His Day: Isaiah 1-39 - Free Bible Commentary

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a. Hezekiah fully participated in this rebellion. In light of this challenge Sennacherib(705-681 B.C.) invaded (701 B.C.) Palestine and camped near the city of Jerusalem(II Kings 18-19; Isaiah 36-39), but his army was miraculously destroyed by God.b. There is some question among scholars as to how many times Sennacherib invadedPalestine (e.g., John Bright has one invasion in 701 B.C. and another possible one in688 B.C., cf. The History of Israel, p. 270).c. Hezekiah was spared an Assyrian takeover, but because of his prideful exhibitionof the treasures of Judah to the Babylonian delegation, Isaiah predicted Judah’s fallto Babylon (39:1-8). Jerusalem fell to Nebuchadnezzar in 587-586 B.C.4. Isaiah specifically predicted the restoration of God’s people under Cyrus II, the Medo-Persian ruler (41:2-4; 44:28; 45:1; 56:11). Nineveh (capital of Assyria) fell in 612 B.C.to Babylon, but the city of Babylon fell in 539 B.C. to Cyrus’ army. In 538 B.C. Cyrusissued a decree that all exiled people, including the Jews, could return home. He evenprovided funds from his treasury for the rebuilding of the national temples. He was asuperstitious person and wanted all the gods to favor him.VIII. LITERARY UNITSA. Brief Outline1. Chapters 1-39, the prophet and his day2. Chapters 40-66 (or possibly 40-55 and 56-66), the new ageB. Chapters 1-39, the historical setting in Isaiah’s day (pre-exilic)1. Chapters 1-6, under Kings Uzziah and Jotham2. Chapters 7-14, under King Ahaz3. Chapters 15-39, under King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39 are parallel to II Kgs. 18:13-20:19)C. Chapters 40-66, the exilic and post-exilic period, are types of the future kingdom1. As chapters 1-39 reflect Isaiah’s preaching and are obviously oral presentations,chapters 40-55 reflect a new setting. God’s judgment has come and now restoration isthe major theme. There is also the stylistic hint that these chapters are not so much oralas written.2. Chapters 1-39 obviously deal with the Assyrian threat and Babylonian threat in type,specifically in chapters 13-14, 21 and 39. Chapters 40-55 deal with the Persian periodand the restoration of God’s people to the Promised Land.3. The later chapters of Isaiah, 56-66, are eschatological, using historical metaphors fromthe Ancient Near East to foreshadow the universal monotheistic world worship ofYHWH.D. The difficulty of outlining Isaiah1. Most modern scholars divide the book into at least two sections: chapters 1-39 and 40-66. R. K. Harrison: chap. 1-33 and 34-66 because of a gap in DSS text. This obviousdivision in the DSS between chapters 33 and 34 has given rise to the suggestion thatIsaiah was produced by his followers in two volumes. W. H. Brownlee has proposedthat the two volumes mirror each other in structure.7
Volume 1 Volume 2chapters 1-5 ruin and restoration chapters 34-35chapters 6-8 biographical material chapters 36-40chapters 9-12 agents of divine blessing chapters 41-45and judgmentchapters 13-23 oracles against foreign powers chapters 46-48chapters 24-27 universal redemption and the chapters 49-55deliverance of Israelchapters 28-31 ethical sermons chapters 56-59chapters 32-33 the restoration of the nation chapters 60-662. Some outlines focus on the historical setting, while others focus on the MessianiccontentNIV Leupoldchap. 7-12 “Prophecies occasioned by “Immanuel Book”the Aramean and Israelite threatagainst Judah”chap. 28-33 “Six Woes: Five on the Unfaithful “The Book of Zion”in Israel and One on Assyria” (the Cornerstone)3. Some examples of the uncertainty of literary units (chaps. 1-12)a. Outline of chapters 1-12 by E. Y. Young, pp. 211-214(1) 1:1-12:6 Prophecies concerning Judah and Jerusalem(a) 1:1-31 The great arraignment(b) 2:1-4:6 Messiah’s reign and judgment upon the people(c) 5:1-30 The prevalent iniquities of Judah(d) 6:1-13 Isaiah’s vision of the Lord(e) 7:1-12:6 Prophecies uttered during Ahaz’s reignb. Outline of chapters 1-12 by R. K. Harrison, p. 764(1) Prophecies about the ruin and restoration of Judah, chaps. 1-5(2) The call of Isaiah; biographical material, chaps. 6-8(3) Present world empires and their roles, chaps. 9-12c. Outline of chapters 1-12 by The NIV Study Bible, p. 1016(1) chapters 1-6(a) Introduction: charges against Judah for breaking the Covenant, ch. 1(b) The future discipline and glory of Judah and Jerusalem, chs. 2-4i Jerusalem’s future blessings (2:1-5)ii The Lord’s discipline of Judah (2:6-4:1)iii The restoration of Zion (4:2-6)(c) The nation’s judgment and exile (ch. 5)(d) Isaiah’s unique commission (ch. 6)(2) chapters 7-12(a) Ahaz warned not to fear the Aramean and Israelite alliance (ch. 7)(b) Isaiah’s son and David’s son (8:1-9:7)(c) Judgment against Israel (9:8-10:4)(d) The Assyrian Empire and the Davidic Kingdom (10:5-12:6)i The destruction of Assyria (10:5-34)ii The establishment of the Davidic king and his kingdom (ch. 11)iii Songs of joy for deliverance (ch. 12)8
Page 1 and 2: YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THE BIBLEISAIAH:
Page 3 and 4: Isaiah 26 .........................
Page 5 and 6: Elder, II John 1 ..................
Page 7 and 8: The Hebrew text used is Biblia Hebr
Page 9 and 10: II.Aspects of PredicationA. VERBSTh
Page 11 and 12: should clearly grasp, not so much t
Page 13 and 14: c. something which is possible or e
Page 15 and 16: NIVNJBNRSVOTPGREBRSVNew Internation
Page 17 and 18: A. The New King James Version (NKJV
Page 19 and 20: B. I believe the Bible was written
Page 21 and 22: . contemporary word usagec. genre3.
Page 23 and 24: In applying the Bible, it is import
Page 25 and 26: 4. ambiguous textsAlthough the Engl
Page 27 and 28: 2. by chronology3. by events which
Page 29 and 30: (3) Israel as(a) wife, 50:1(b) serv
Page 34 and 35: IX.MAIN TRUTHSA. Isaiah held Judah
Page 36 and 37: 1:27-31(27-31) (27-31) (27-31)1:27-
Page 38 and 39: c. El-Shaddai (“God Almighty” o
Page 40 and 41: c. from a Ugaritic (Canaanite) root
Page 42 and 43: SPECIAL TOPIC: BOB’S EVANGELICAL
Page 44 and 45: incapable of appropriate action (cf
Page 46 and 47: Here is a good quote to conclude th
Page 48 and 49: } “whole head. . .whole heart”
Page 50 and 51: SPECIAL TOPIC: THE REMNANT, THREE S
Page 52 and 53: 2. other sexual sins, Lev. 18:26,27
Page 54 and 55: (4) redemption(5) glorification(6)
Page 56 and 57: 3. the covenant with Abraham (cf. G
Page 58 and 59: 3. Asis - This is obviously alcohol
Page 60 and 61: NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 1:24-2624There
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Page 64 and 65: ISAIAH 2PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
Page 66 and 67: C. The resultant Judgment of YHWH,
Page 68 and 69: Zaphon in the far north (cf. Isa. 1
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Page 80 and 81: Woe to them!For they have brought e
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3:4 Judah’s elder leadership will
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These phrases could be1. literala.
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3:17NASB, NJB,REB “make their for
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ISAIAH 4PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODE
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} “the Branch of the LORD” To d
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SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TWO BOOKS OF GOD
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BRIEF OUTLINEA. The Parabolic Song,
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6I will lay it waste;It will not be
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SPECIAL TOPIC: ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN
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them spiritual ears and eyes (cf. D
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2. Jeremiah changed it from a place
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5:17 “Then the lambs will graze a
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So their root will become like rot
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The term “nations” in the Masor
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. There has alw
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II.9. human form - Exod. 24:9-11; P
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SPECIAL TOPIC: HOLYI. Old Testament
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12The LORD has removed men far away
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} “Send me” The VERB “send”
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} “Whose stump remains when it is
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3. Third paragraph4. Etc.BACKGROUND
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} “Shear-jashub” This is Isaiah
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} “from the LORD your God” It i
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7:18 “In that day” “That day
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8:1 “Take for yourself a large ta
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4. Huldah was a prophetess whom Kin
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Even the king of Assyria and all hi
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55:8-11; Ps. 33:11). God needs nor
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III.C. Paul uses the concept of a
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The second NOUN, “spiritists” (
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Read the chapter in one sitting. Id
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Because of the desert between Mesop
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 9:8-128The Lor
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19By the fury of the LORD of hosts
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following the original author’s i
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10:6 “a godless nation. . .the pe
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Or like a rod lifting him who is no
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27So it will be in that day, that h
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10:33 The second half of this verse
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2. Second paragraph3. Third paragra
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a. counsel, BDB 420b. strength, BDB
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The fatling would have sacrificial
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(2) Mark 10:41(3) Luke 14:31; 15:8;
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ISAIAH 12PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MOD
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} “although You were angry with m
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WORD AND PHRASE STUDYNASB (UPDATED)
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13:2 This describes the gathering o
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6. little ones dashed to pieces in
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2. The concept of a personal archen
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} “Jacob. . .Israel” These two
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happened, and just as I have planne
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14:12 “How you have fallen from h
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Loss of descendants was seen as a g
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONSThis is a study
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSLocations Mentio
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15:2 “Dibon. . .Nebo. . .Medeba
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16:2 Moab is described as1. fleeing
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12So it will come about when Moab p
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} “the remnant of Syria” This p
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SPECIAL TOPIC: FERTILITY WORSHIP OF
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 17:12-1412Alas
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3All you inhabitants of the world a
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However, this context could be unde
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In this text the people claimed to
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7. purified the water at Marah, Exo
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 19:16-1716In t
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} “a Savior and a Champion” In
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6. sparing Jerusalem from Assyria,
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3. Third paragraph4. Etc.CONTEXTUAL
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21:3-4 The prophet describes the ef
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 21:11-1211The
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ased on certain word plays or key w
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This same area may have been filled
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22:15-19 This describes YHWH’s ju
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1. Gen. 15:6 - Abram’s personal e
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2. load will be cut down (BDB 154,
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. This condemna
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2. the palace, temple, and fortress
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23:10 The rival maritime empire of
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23:17-18 The riches of Phoenicia wi
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BACKGROUND STUDYA. Isaiah 24-27 for
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6. completely despoiled, v. 3, BDB
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Peshitta “shall be destroyed”LX
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} “As the shaking of an olive tre
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angels who have aided in either the
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4. You have made a city into a heap
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}NASBNKJV, PeshittaNRSVTEV, NJBREB
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25:9 “in that day” This refers
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6. “spread out,” BDB 831, KB 97
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VIII. “His words”A. BDB 202 - D
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NJB, REB “we invoke your name”L
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 26:20-2120Come
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. This is the c
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27:4-5 There are several COHORTATIV
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} “by driving them away” The He
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONSThis is a study
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following the original author’s i
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Notice how the LORD’S agent is ch
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For morning after morning it will p
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28:16 This verse is a shocking chan
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29This also comes from the LORD of
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. The Jewish St
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Thus the multitude of all the natio
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This was accomplished by1. blob of
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 29:22-2422Ther
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. LutroÇ, “to release”(1) to r
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} “rebellious children” This ti
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Prophesy illusions.11Get out of the
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. see not, BDB 906, KB 1157, negate
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 30:1818Therefo
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2. good crops, v. 23a. rich (BDB 20
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JB“will be battered”LXX, Peshit
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B. The Anchor Bible has an interest
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} “the LORD of hosts come down”
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} “whose fire. . .furnace” This
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CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTSA. Chapters 31-3
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12Beat your breasts for the pleasan
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NJB “Ophel” (BDB 779), a sectio
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l. eternity everlasting(1) I Kgs. 8
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all people are honored and treated
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} “locusts” Locust invasions we
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33:13 “You who are far away. . .y
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3. or bothIn v. 17, both “your ey
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B. Because there is a double space
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34:4 This hyperbolic language relat
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NKJV “night creature”NRSV, NJB
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1. seek, BDB 205, KB 233, Qal IMPER
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. fear not, BDB 431, KB 432, Qal IM
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36:2 “And the king of Assyria sen
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36:7 “whose high places and whose
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2. Arpad was a city in northern Syr
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1. First paragraph2. Second paragra
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} “I will make him fall by the sw
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37:19 The truth of v. 18 is seen to
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II.3. Model Prayer, Matt. 6:5-13; L
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C. Other aspects1. Perseverancea. L
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translation. The term can have eith
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NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 38:4-64Then th
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} “LORD. . .LORD” The MT has Ya
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The MT has the VERB “loved” (8-
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Also note that the Babylon of Hezek
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B. A. Briggs in his book, General I
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APPENDIX TWOINTRODUCTION TO OLD TES
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E. Prophets represent God to the pe
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APPENDIX THREEA BRIEF HISTORICAL SU
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Haran. He engaged the Babylonian fo
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n. 1340-1310 Haremhab3. 19th Dynast
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APPENDIX FOURCHARTSOLD TESTAMENT TI
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KINGS AND EVENTS OF THE BABYLONIAN,
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GREECE359 - 336 Philip II of Macedo
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GREEK359 - 336 Philip II of Macedon
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JUDAH’S KINGS (I CHR. 3:1-16; MAT
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APPENDIX FIVE - DOCTRINAL STATEMENT
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