The Prophet and His Day: Isaiah 1-39 - Free Bible Commentary
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The Prophet and His Day: Isaiah 1-39 - Free Bible Commentary

The Prophet and His Day: Isaiah 1-39 - Free Bible Commentary The Prophet and His Day: Isaiah 1-39 - Free Bible Commentary

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15:2 “Dibon. . .Nebo. . .Medeba” There are also cities of Moab listed in Numbers in relation to theWilderness Wandering Period as Israel finally approached Canaan from the eastern side of the JordanRift Valley.15:2-3 wails. . .bald. . .beard cut off. . .mourning. . .sackcloth. . .wailing” These all refer to mourningrites of the ANE (cf. 22:12; Ezra 9:3; Job 1:20; Jer. 7:29; 16:6; 41:5; 47:5; 48:37; Ezek. 7:18; 27:31;Micah 1:16). The population tries to turn to their gods (cf. v. 2); they try to repent and seek help, butthere is no help from lifeless idols!SPECIAL TOPIC: GRIEVING RITESThe Israelites expressed sorrow for the death of a loved one and for personal repentance, as well ascorporate crimes, in several ways.1. tear outer robe, Gen. 37:29,34; 44:13; Jdgs. 11:35; II Sam. 1:11; 3:31; I Kgs. 21:27; Job 1:202. put on sackcloth, Gen. 37:34; II Sam. 3:31; I Kgs. 21:27; Jer. 48:373. take off shoes, II Sam. 15:30; Isa. 20:34. put hands on head, II Sam. 13:9; Jer. 2:375. put dust on head, Josh. 7:6; I Sam. 4:12; Neh. 9:16. sit on the ground, Lam. 2:10; Ezek. 26:16 (lie on the ground, II Sam. 12:16); Isa. 47:17. beat the breast, I Sam. 25:1; II Sam. 11:26; Nah. 2:78. cut the body, Deut. 14:1; Jer. 16:6; 48:379. fast, II Sam. 12;23; I Kgs. 21:2710. chant a lament, II Sam. 1:17; 3:31; II Chr. 35:2511. baldness (hair pulled out or shaved), Jer. 48:3712. cut beards short, Jer. 48:3713. cover head or face, II Sam. 15:30; 19:415:4 “Heshbon. . .Elealeh. . .Jahaz” These are also cities on the eastern side of Jordan, close to andoften identified with Moab (or Ammon, i.e., Mesha Stone, 9 th century B.C.).} “cry out” This is the VERB (BDB 277, KB 277, Qal IMPERFECT) that was used in its Qal IMPERATIVEform in 14:31 (Philistia). Here it denotes Moab and in v. 5 it denotes YHWH or Isaiah. Note its use inJer. 48:20,31.}NASB“the armed men”NKJV, Peshitta “the armed soldiers”NRSV, LXX,JB“the lions”NJB“warriors”REB“stoutest warriors”The difference between soldiers and lions in Hebrew is vocalization, not a consonantal change.} “His soul trembles within him” This VERB (BDB 438, KB 440, Qal PERFECT) appears only here.There are several Hebrew words translated “tremble.” They denote fear and lack of action in the face ofGod’s judgment. They characterize “holy war.” This one may have been chosen for poetic reasons tosound like the VERB “cry out.”175

15:5-9 The Jewish Study Bible sees these verses as referring to Moabites fleeing to Edom (p. 815). Thisis possible because the exact location of these cities mentioned is uncertain, though all are east orsoutheast of the Jordan River.15:5 “My heart cries out for Moab” The “my” in context must refer to YHWH Himself (cf. v. 9).Although it could be the prophet himself, cf. 16:9,11. YHWH hears the cries of Moab’s people and ismoved. They still receive judgment, but not from a thoughtless, uncaring God! They are even offeredhelp/refuge in 16:1-4. What an amazing text!The Septuagint changes the referent to “the heart of the region of Moab cries within her” (cf. NJB).}NASB, NRSV,TEV, NJB,REB “Eglath-shelishiyah”NKJV, LXX,Peshitta “like a three-year-old heifer”This could be a city or a phrase (cf. Jer. 48:34).} “His fugitives” The MT has “her bars” (BDB 138, %(*9" from %*9"), but most translations changethe vocalization to “his fugitives” from %9"/ (BDB 138).15:6 In the OT God controls the weather (cf. Deuteronomy 27-29). He brings abundance for covenantobedience, but withholds agricultural production in the face of evil, wickedness, and rebellion. Moabfaces both invasion (cf. v. 9a) and lack of food.15:7 Moab was located on a major trade route from Egypt to Syria. She taxed all the caravans andbecame wealthy.15:9 “a lion” This could be1. literal, God uses wild animals to judge (i.e., I Kgs. 13:24-28; II Kgs. 17:25)2. a symbol of the Assyrian army (cf. 5:29; Jer. 50:17)3. figurative of invasion from Judah (cf. 11:14, the lion [ruler] of Judah).The JPSOA significantly changes the translation of this verse (esp. lines 2-4) to make it positive(cf. v. 5, “my”).“For I pour added (water) on DimonI drench it - for Moab’s refugees - with soil (footnote, ‘tears’) for its remnant”The LXX of v. 9, lines 2-4, are also very different, but decidedly negative.“For I will bring Arabs upon Remnon,and I will remove the offspring of Moab and Arieland the remnant of Adama.”176

15:2 “Dibon. . .Nebo. . .Medeba” <strong>The</strong>re are also cities of Moab listed in Numbers in relation to theWilderness W<strong>and</strong>ering Period as Israel finally approached Canaan from the eastern side of the JordanRift Valley.15:2-3 wails. . .bald. . .beard cut off. . .mourning. . .sackcloth. . .wailing” <strong>The</strong>se all refer to mourningrites of the ANE (cf. 22:12; Ezra 9:3; Job 1:20; Jer. 7:29; 16:6; 41:5; 47:5; 48:37; Ezek. 7:18; 27:31;Micah 1:16). <strong>The</strong> population tries to turn to their gods (cf. v. 2); they try to repent <strong>and</strong> seek help, butthere is no help from lifeless idols!SPECIAL TOPIC: GRIEVING RITES<strong>The</strong> Israelites expressed sorrow for the death of a loved one <strong>and</strong> for personal repentance, as well ascorporate crimes, in several ways.1. tear outer robe, Gen. 37:29,34; 44:13; Jdgs. 11:35; II Sam. 1:11; 3:31; I Kgs. 21:27; Job 1:202. put on sackcloth, Gen. 37:34; II Sam. 3:31; I Kgs. 21:27; Jer. 48:373. take off shoes, II Sam. 15:30; Isa. 20:34. put h<strong>and</strong>s on head, II Sam. 13:9; Jer. 2:375. put dust on head, Josh. 7:6; I Sam. 4:12; Neh. 9:16. sit on the ground, Lam. 2:10; Ezek. 26:16 (lie on the ground, II Sam. 12:16); Isa. 47:17. beat the breast, I Sam. 25:1; II Sam. 11:26; Nah. 2:78. cut the body, Deut. 14:1; Jer. 16:6; 48:379. fast, II Sam. 12;23; I Kgs. 21:2710. chant a lament, II Sam. 1:17; 3:31; II Chr. 35:2511. baldness (hair pulled out or shaved), Jer. 48:3712. cut beards short, Jer. 48:3713. cover head or face, II Sam. 15:30; 19:415:4 “Heshbon. . .Elealeh. . .Jahaz” <strong>The</strong>se are also cities on the eastern side of Jordan, close to <strong>and</strong>often identified with Moab (or Ammon, i.e., Mesha Stone, 9 th century B.C.).} “cry out” This is the VERB (BDB 277, KB 277, Qal IMPERFECT) that was used in its Qal IMPERATIVEform in 14:31 (Philistia). Here it denotes Moab <strong>and</strong> in v. 5 it denotes YHWH or <strong>Isaiah</strong>. Note its use inJer. 48:20,31.}NASB“the armed men”NKJV, Peshitta “the armed soldiers”NRSV, LXX,JB“the lions”NJB“warriors”REB“stoutest warriors”<strong>The</strong> difference between soldiers <strong>and</strong> lions in Hebrew is vocalization, not a consonantal change.} “<strong>His</strong> soul trembles within him” This VERB (BDB 438, KB 440, Qal PERFECT) appears only here.<strong>The</strong>re are several Hebrew words translated “tremble.” <strong>The</strong>y denote fear <strong>and</strong> lack of action in the face ofGod’s judgment. <strong>The</strong>y characterize “holy war.” This one may have been chosen for poetic reasons tosound like the VERB “cry out.”175

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