Phraseological units: Their instantial use and interpretation

Reseñastranslated into Spanish: “Rey de los gatos, sólo quiero una detus siete vidas y luego aporrearte a palos las otras seis.”(Shakespeare, 1967: 637.)4. Descartes’ text appears in the following context: “Le bon sensest la chose du monde la mieux partagée: car chascun pense enêtre si bien pourvû, que ceux mesme qui sont les plus difficilesà contenter en toute autre chose, n’ont point costume d’en desirerplus qu’ils ont.”5. See, for instance, the following text from Hobbes (1950: 101-102): “And as to the faculties of the mind [...], I find yet agreater equality amongst men [...]. For there is not ordinarily agreater signe of the equall distribution of any thing, than thatevery man is contented with his share.”6. We disregard the other alternative interpretations of Descartes’text, particularly the one that “reads” a Cartesian irony in thistext.7. Montaigne’s text appears in the following context: “On ditcommunément que le plus juste partage que nature nous ayefait de ses graces, c’est celui du sens: car il n’est aucun qui nese contente de ce qu’elle lui a distribué.”8. For a further analysis of this topic, see Chamizo Domínguez(1988: 63-65).9. Classic literature and philosophy provide lots of examples ofphraseological units, that have entered modern languages andthat are widely used in an instantial sense. For instance:“Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes,” “Varium et mutabile semperfemina,” or “Fides punica.”10. The context of the quote is the following: “‘Realize thyself,Amœba dear’, said Will: and Amœba realized herself, andthere was no Small Change but many Checks on the Bankwherein the wild Time grew and grew and grew.” It has beentranslated into Spanish as “‘Imagínate a ti misma, queridaAmeba’, dijo Will: y la Ameba se imaginó a sí misma, y nohubo ningún Pequeño Cambio sino muchos Cheques sobre elBanco donde el Tiempo salvaje crecía y crecía y crecía.” (Ogden& Richards, 1964: 310). For a fuller analysis of this textand its problems in Spanish translation, see ChamizoDomínguez (1999: 39-42).11. This hypothesis is backed by the OED. Dutch 4: “Characteristicof or attributed to the Dutch; often with an opprobrious orderisive application, largely due to the rivalry and enmity betweenthe English and Dutch in the 17th c.”12. This kind of derogatory ethnic slur can be found anywhere andin any language. For instance, French “Parler français commeune vache espagnole,” means “to speak bad French.” And, curiouslyenough, this current phraseological unit derives froman erroneous quote of “Parler français comme une Basque espagnole.”13. The word ”Dutch” is widely used in English in a derogatoryway. The OED also lists: ”Dutch party/supper/lunch/treat”(“one at which each person contributes his or her own share”);”double Dutch” (“a language that one does not understand”);“in Dutch” (“in disfavor, in disgrace, or trouble”); “to do a/theDutch (act)” (“to desert, escape, run away; also, to commit suicide”);and many more.14. According to a personal communication from Gerald Steen (VrijeUniversiteit, Amsterdam), “The Dutch adjective for ‘English’(Engels) is neutrally descriptive of a particular class of items,which apparently all seem to come from England. I have notfound a derogative [sic] use.” Jos Hallebeek (Universiteit vanNijmegen) also backs this opinion. By contrast, Jos Hallebeekprovided us with examples of some derogatory uses of the wordFrans (French): “Daar is geen woord Frans bij” (it is as clear ascrystal/daylight); “iets met de Franse slag doen” (to do/makesomething in a slapdash way); “op de Franse tour gaan” (to paintthe town red); or “Franse complimenten” (verbiage). Our gratitudeto both for their reports about the Dutch language.ReferencesBurgen S. Your Mother’s Tongue. A boo of European invective.London: Indigo; 1997.Chamizo Domínguez PJ. La presencia de Montaigne en la filosofía delsiglo XVII. In: Baliñas Fernández C, ed. Actas del Simposio sobrefilosofía y ciencia en el Renacimiento. Santiago de Compostela:Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; 1988; pp. 59-76.Chamizo Domínguez PJ. Metáfora y conocimiento. Málaga: Anexosde Analecta Malacitana; 1998, vol. 16.Chamizo Domínguez PJ. Dealing with ambiguity when translatingpolysemic words. Turjuman. 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A study of theinfluence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism.London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1972 [1923].Ogden CK, Richards IA. El significado del significado. Una investigaciónacerca de la influencia del lenguaje sobre el pensamientoy de la ciencia simbólica (Spanish translation: EduardoPrieto). Buenos Aires: Paidós; 1964.Ortega y Gasset J. Del imperio romano. In: Obras Completas (vol.VI). Madrid: Revista de Occidente-Alianza; 1983 [1940].The Oxford English Dictionary (Simpson JA, Weiner ESC, eds.).Oxford: Clarendon; 1989.Pascal B. Pensées. In: Œuvres Complètes (Chevalier J, ed.). Paris:Gallimard; 1976.Plautus. Asinaria (Ernout A, ed.). Paris: Les Belles Lettres; 1976.Shakespeare W. Romeo y Julieta. In: Dramas, comedias (severaltranslators; vol. I). Barcelona: Nauta; 1967.Panace@ Vol. IV, n.º 12. Junio, 2003208