Planning for Renewable Energy in Worcestershire Research Paper

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Appendix C. Example calculations of AnnualRenewable Electricity generated by differenttechnologiesFor the purposes of providing an estimateof how the renewable energy targetsmight be achieved, the followingassumptions and calculations have beenused.To calculate the annual electricitygeneration, in GWh, for each technology,the installed capacity is multiplied by thenumber of hours in a year, and multipliedagain by the 'capacity factor'. Thecapacity factor takes account of real-worldscenarios, by ensuring that calculationsinclude the sub-optimal average operationCalculation:Installed Capacityin GW(to convert from KW to GW,multiply by 0.000001to convert from MW to GW,multyply by 0.0001)=XNumber of hoursper year24 x 365= 8760Electricity generated per yearof the apparatus (e.g. wind turbines willnot always be operating at full capacitydue to wind speeds being too weak or toostrong). With the exception of windturbines, the capacity factors for eachtechnology have been taken from SouthEast Energy Statistics, which is led by theGovernment Office for the South East andfunded through the South East EnglandDevelopment Agency and the South EastEngland Regional Assembly. The capacityfactor for wind turbines has been takenfrom the Companion Guide to PPS22.XCapacity Factorof Appliancee.g. 30% or 0.3APPENDIX C ● Planning for Renewable Energy in WorcestershireSolar PV:The figure for solar photovoltaics (PV) isbased upon a case-study example withinthe Companion Guide to PPS22, whichillustrates a school building fitted with10kW of photovoltaic tiles, which equatesto 0.00001GW. It is considered that suchan installation would be viable on manylarger-scale public and private sectorbuildings throughout the County. Thecapacity factor for solar PV has beencalculated as 0.07.Each solar array of this scale wouldproduce0.00001 X 8760 X 0.07 =0.006132 GWh/year.To supply the entire renewable electricitytarget for the County, the number of solarPV arrays of this scale required would be155 / 0.006132 =25,277.234 ~ 25,300 solar PV arraysTechnical Research Paper 51
APPENDIX C ● Planning for Renewable Energy in WorcestershireHydro-Electricity:The hydro-electricity example has beenbased on individual installations of100kW, which is 0.0001GW. This figure istaken from the lower range provided inthe Companion Guide to PPS22, whichstates (p.125) that: "there are a largenumber of sites with a potential in therange of 100kW (0.1MW) to 500kW(0.5MW) … which could be economicallydeveloped as grid connected schemes".The capacity factor for hydro-electricschemes is 0.6.Each hydro-power scheme of thisscale would produce:0.0001 X 8760 X 0.6 =0.5256 GWh/year.To supply the entire renewable electricitytarget for the County, the number ofhydro-electric schemes of this scalerequired would be:155 / 0.5256 =294.90 ~ 300 hydro-electric schemesLarge-scale Wind Turbines:The wind turbines are assumed to havean installed capacity of 2MW (0.002GW)each, which is a commonly-used measurefor large-scale turbines, and is referred toin the Companion Guide to PPS22. Thecapacity factor for wind turbines is 0.3.Each wind turbine of this scale wouldproduce:0.002 X 8760 X 0.3 =5.256 GWh/year.To supply the entire renewable electricitytarget for the County, the number ofhydro-electric schemes of this scalerequired would be:155 / 5.256 =29.490 ~ 30 large turbinesBiomass Plants:Biomass plants are assumed to have aninstalled capacity of 2MW (0.002GW),which has been taken from industryfigures for an AWM-supported scheme inthe West Midlands, which can be viewedat http://www.talbotts.co.uk/bpower.htm. Itis recognised that the capacity of biomassplants can vary enormously, but for thepurposes of this example the 2MW hasbeen used. The capacity factor forcontinuous-load biomass is 0.88.Each biomass plant would produce:0.002 X 8760 X 0.88 =15.418 GWh/year.To supply the entire renewable electricitytarget for the County, the number ofbiomass plants of this scale requiredwould be:155 / 15.418 =10.053 ~ 10 biomass plants52Technical Research Paper
Page 2 and 3:
TECHNICAL RESEARCH PAPERPlanning fo
Page 4 and 5:
Executive SummaryGenerating energy
Page 6 and 7:
SOCIAL BENEFITS OF RENEWABLEENERGY
Page 8 and 9: 1. Purpose1.1 This working paper is
Page 10 and 11: significant positive impact. Conser
Page 12 and 13: 3.1 An Energy White Paper, 'Meeting
Page 14 and 15: Regional3.10 The West Midlands Regi
Page 16 and 17: 4. Community Strategies, Climate Ch
Page 18 and 19: As mentioned elsewhere in this pape
Page 20 and 21: 5. Worcestershire’s Vulnerability
Page 22 and 23: 6. Renewable Energy and the Environ
Page 24 and 25: 6.10 Green belt designation covers
Page 26 and 27: 7. Social benefits of Renewable Ene
Page 28 and 29: 8.10 The economicbenefits of renewa
Page 30 and 31: Fig.1 - Responses to Questions 13(d
Page 32 and 33: 10. Baseline Data and Forecasts10.1
Page 34 and 35: 11. Technological Issues for Renewa
Page 36 and 37: 12. Infrastructure Requirements12.1
Page 38 and 39: 13.7 This research paper provides a
Page 40 and 41: Appendix A. Characteristics and App
Page 42 and 43: Domestic Micro Wind TurbinesDomesti
Page 44 and 45: Forests and WoodlandThe potential o
Page 46 and 47: acknowledged that increasing the su
Page 48 and 49: Ground/Water/Air Source HeatPumpsGr
Page 50 and 51: Biogas (Anaerobic Digestion)Biogas
Page 52 and 53: OpportunitiesFew planning obstacles
Page 54 and 55: OpportunitiesSignificant potential
Page 56 and 57: GROUND/AIR/WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMPSO
Page 60 and 61: Appendix D. Maps of Predicted Incre
Page 62 and 63: Appendix E. Energy Saving Trust tab
Page 64 and 65: MAP OF DELIVERABLE WIND RESOURCEIN
Page 66 and 67: SOLAR IRRADIANCE AT DIFFERENTLOCATI
Page 68 and 69: MAP OF UPTAKE OF ENERGY CROP SCHEME
Page 70 and 71: FORESTRY COMMISSION WOODLAND OPPORT
Page 72 and 73: DISTRIBUTION OF WOODLAND OF OVER 2
Page 74 and 75: CO2 EMMISSIONS IN WORCESTERSHIRE IN
Page 76 and 77: CHANGE IN CO2 EMISSIONS IN WORCESTE
Page 78 and 79: TOTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT L
Page 80 and 81: Appendix H. Sources of Further Info
Page 82 and 83: Further ReadingThe Assessment and R
Page 84 and 85: Rural Regeneration Zone Annual Repo
Page 86: This document can be made available
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