CalCOFI Reports, Vol. 11, 1967 - California Cooperative Oceanic ...

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6 CAIJFORNIA COOPERATITE OCESNIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIOTiS(13) These responsibilities inclnde the study of tlie effectsof the present fishery and the inquiries essential to fnturedevelopment and iinderstnnding of other and cxtensiveresources.The .ibove are overly siniplificd statements of a part of alarge and important progrmn. We believe the results of thisprogram can be chnriwterized by stating that new and importantconcepts in the uses of our living oceanic resonrceshave been evolved. These, together with the resources atour door, hare put California ou the threshold of increasinghcr wealth, and perljaps more importantly, of assnmingworld leadership in the scientific iise of pelagic fish resources.This may, in the long run. be n far more valuableasset to Californians than the ccononiic yield of the resourcesthemselves.It TV~S on the basis of the research program describedin the above letter that we had prepared forthe Marine Research Committee, 2 years earlier, anoutline of one possible n-ay to enter this new era.This proposal mas presented to MRC in Blareh, 1964by the CalCOFI Committee which at that time wascomposed of G. I. Murphy, J. D. Isaacs, J. I;. Baxter,and E.H. hhlstroni and appears as Document XI1of the minutes of that meeting. It seems appropriateat this time to publish the proposal for all to study,evaluate, and comment upon. In the following it isquoted essentially verbatim.REQUIREMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTOF A NEW FISHERY IN THE CALIFORNIACURRENT SYSTEMOur philosophict~l guide in preparing this discnssion hasbeen simple. We hare asked ourselves, “How should afisherj- be condiicted, 2nd what investigations should beinitiated to give the public guidance of maximuni valuefrom marine science?” Ke would like to regard a newfishery on the sardine-anchovy system as n careful scientificexperiment? in which the effect of a controlled harvestof the anchovy and snrdinc poliidations is explored. We believethis is a new :uiil stimulating point of departure.While we do not propose it to ~OLI as ii necessary courseof action, we hope you will examine it thoughtfully anddecide for yoiirselves the estent to which the scientific reqiiirementsfor siich an experiment are compatible miththe broad needs of society.Background RdsumCThe resiilts of over 40 years of study, including 14 yearsof very intensive inqiiiry can be succinctly snmmarized asfollows : After many years of intensive selective fishing forsardines, the sardine popnlation declined. This decline wasaccompanied by a drnniatic npslirge of :in ecologically siini-Iar species, the anchovy. The decline of the sardine ims apimentlythe result of an intensive fishery together with aseries of years in Tvhicli the eiivironmental regime was unf:m)mbleto tlie sardine. The rise of the anchovy is apimentlythe result of a series of favorable Sears for tli:~tspecies, and nxin’s removal of sardines xvhicli created moreliving space for anrhovim The cvideiice does not allow listo :wive :it a conseiisns :IS to ~hether or not the anchoviesaggressively drove do\vn the sardine population, bot1)iologic:il interaction brtlx-een these ecologically similar slwcies is strongly inclicatcd now by the faihirc of the sardineto resiiond to a recent spectrnm of oceanographic conditionsthat should have been favorable, and conrerscly nnf;ivor.iltleto the :inchovy.Tn :ins- event results of all these stndies sho\v that thereis 110:~ :I Imgc unused popiilation of anchovies. They alsoinfer that there is a real chance that simultaneously reducingthe pressure 011 sardines and imposing pressure onanchovies will reverse the present equilibrium and assistin bringing back the more valuable sardine. This constitutesan exciting opportnnity for marine science to assistsociety in nrcetinp its coml~lcz ntwls.Requirements for the FisheryIn developing this section three factors have been paramoiunt.1. The basis for the suggested experiment while the mostcomplete ever achieved still is not precise enough to foreseeexactly how many anchovies and sardines should ultimatelybe taken. A c;weful, step\%-ise, approach such :ISv-as used in Sonth Africa is the only defensible experiment.2. There :ire time lags in the response of fish populationsto new factors. With respect to sardines and anchovies.their life histories suggest that at least 3 years wonldbe reqnired for tlie responses of the popu1:ltions to be cletectecl,even in a rcyime of favorable environments.3. There are also time lags in scientific analysis, theseare especially significant when dealing ix-ith a new problem.Thus it is necessary to carry out mcnsnrcments thatcan follow events closely, and which vi11 yield results thatars readily interpreted. With these factors in mind theaplironch helow is divided into phases. JVe believe thatthree years is a niinimiim for each lihase.Phnse 1. The objective is to initiate :I conserv;itire fisheryon :rnchovies arid rediice sardine fishing just suffieientlSto prodiicc an o1xerv:rble change in thc system, and justenorigh to improve our preliminnry appraisal of the niagnitudeof the anchovy resource. During this phase a limitof 200,000 tons should be placed on the anchovy fisheryand the sardine fishery should be limited to 10,000 tons.Thirty-five percent of both of these limits shonld be takenoff California and 65 percent off Baja Cxlifornia.1 Fromthe viewpoint of conchicting a controlled experiment, itwodd not be dcsirnble to place n complete moratoriumon s:irdines for two reusons. The fishery is a primary toolfor detecting responses in the sardine population. Werethe fishery terminated this tool would be lost, and we~vonld have to rely entirely on our surveys. Secondly,conip!ete nioratorinm would complicate the experimeiit byintrodiicing two variables at the same time. The limitsuggcsted for the sardine relieves these problems by keepingour “ivindo\v” on the sardine population open, and bgapproximnting the average rate of exploitation prevailingover the past years. If both the sardine fishery and cnin1)etitionfrom michovics are affecting the sartline l>opnlation.the chances of bringing baclr the s:irdine in the shortestpossil)le tinie can be maximized by fishiiig for anchovies andiiot fishing Cor sardines. If this is the objeclive it might bedesiyahle to ha~e n mor:itoriiim on sardine fishing. The recoiiinieiid;i~ioiisof this rc1)ori :ire b:is~d oii the viewpoint ofcondncting as careful :in esl)rriineiit :is Imssible to determinethe fact orx ;iffec.ting Imth s;trdiiic.s and nnchories.Phctse ,?. The :iinoiints to h removed dnring Phase 2and the :irenl distribntion of the limits on each speciesmust nwait the resiilts of I’hnse 1. We can hazard a guessthat tliniiip this l’hnsr thc :iiicliovy qnot;i might l ~ wisctlx:il)out 50 1)c’rcc’iit pi~~vi(liiig t1t:it the Irsiiiir of Phase 1 areiiot v%lelj- different froin our l,relinlinnry expectations.Pitrtxe 3. This cannot lie specified nt all beyond indicatingtlie nltiniate objectivc. ‘Phis is to restore the predeclineb:ilarice lwtwxii sardines and anchovics, and masimizrtlici harvests coiisistcnt \\-it11 nll nses, Le.: food, recreation,etc.C”oiv)u(wt: It is 1 ~ ond 3 oiir NCOJ)C to tlctc~rmine 1:ow siich.trni of ni:iit:i~rmrnt 01: ai! iiiterit:itional retroi,g13.tl1at conserv~l-RECENT DEVELOPMENTSThe 1964 proposal also outlined the basic programsrTThicli should be iinplemrnt,ed if a fishery were initiated.At that, time no fishery for anchovies existed,except for the limited (qlOO-6,OOO t,ons) fishery for1 At the ’21 May 1964 meeting of the LParine Research Committee,CalCOyI rbcorded the following emendation : ‘‘Our recommendationfor Phase 1 included a pro\-ision to distribute thecatch between Alta and Baja California. For the purposes ofthis pro\’ision we specify 31”s latitucle, as this is a naturaloceanographic and faunal boundary.”
REPORTS YOLUAIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 30 JUSE 1966 7lire bait. 3s a direct result of the CalCOFI proposal,the Califoriiia Fish and Game Coiiimissioiiauthorized an experimental aiichovy reduction fisheryon Norember 12, 1965. The 75,000 ton quota allo~redi4 appro~il~~i~tely of the magnitude recommcndd forCalifornia waters by CalC'OFI. This fishery Iinscontinued to the present time (1967).In Mal-cli. 1966, with tlie fishery nndcr~my, E. H.Alilstroin updated the 1964 propos:il to poiiit up tliebreadth and pertinence of CalCOFl 1-esearcli to present and lonp-ranq problems. The followi~ig is hisoutline of tlir programs implenieritccl :STUDIES ON THE FISHERYImportant information can he gained from the fisherynhont the quantity of fish landed, size and age compositionof landings, and catch per unit of effort. Other kinds ofinfornintion thnt can be derired from sgstem:rtic samlilingincliide grolvth rate, age at first niatnrity. longevity,yield per recruit. mortality estimates, etc. Tliese :ire "coiiventional"investigations. involving fairly stand;irdixedtechniqiies. h fishery carried out at a low level of intensityfnrnishes only limited dnta for (letcrminiiig vit:rl stntistiesof tlie popnlation being fished. Such studies areof greatest v:diie in detcrinining vital l)ognl;itioii 1)arnnieterswhen curried oiit over different levels of fishing iiitensit>-.Total Landings by AreaC'n!iiorrr ia E'isircry: Ihiidiiigs statistics now oht:iiiicvl hythe Statc cover tonnage landed. are:r of rapture. and fishingeffort. Accnrate weights are rq)orted on market arid ci111-nery recri1)ts :IS reqnired Iiy law. ,\rea of catch is deterniinedfrom linliing iogs. reqnired of e:icii hoa t skipper,wlierc~!)y r:icli dtiy's fishing is plotted on :I map-type log.Bo jcc ('r/Eifornia >'ishc ry: I'lant o1)er:itors in Bnja Califoriiiacooperate hy giving tis :>ccess to 1:indiiig rocords.rinntioii abont aw:i of captureSize and Age Composition by Arearhlii cwncerning size and age corii~iosition are o1)taiaedby systcmatically sampling commerci:rl 1:undings from :illports of laniding in Cirliforiiia nnd Bxja California. S:iniplinxof comnierci;il Iniiciings in Califoriiia is cnrried oirt hythe ('aliforni;~ Degnrtmciit of Fish and G;ime. Samplingof comnirrcinl landings in Bnja ( lifornin is e:irriecl onthy the I~nre:~n of Cornmercial E' lieries by meiiiis of acontrnct with the California A\c:rdrniy of Scicnces. Samplesof v-iio!e. iidiilt fish will hc retaint4 for 1lnforesee:rl)lerenc:ircli. Age determin:itions :ire (lone coopcr:itiveIy liy (-":~liforniaI )rlmtment of Fish :mtl Game and Bnrenn of Conimerci:ilP'isherics scientists. C'ooperntive nging of sardinesby tlitw two organizations dates from 1941 ; coolicr;iti\-eaging of :inellovies from the e:irlj- 1950's.In the past, srnles liaw Iiwn "read" to determine tlieage of both sardines and ;nicliovics. l'resenll~-, cv:~lnationis tieing ni:ide of the acalr iiirtliod for clctrrniiiiiiig ageversns I;SP of car holies (otoliths). Anchovy scales arehighly dwidnons, 71-ith the resnlt that it is difhciilt to 01)-tain ndeqnnte scale samplcs from some loads of fish. Sanplingcan he carried ont more systeninticall>- if hiset1 onotoliths.Catch Per Unit of Effort by AreaC';ilifornin lins institnted a loghook system to olitnin informationconcernin: e:ich commercial 1:inclings of :mchovies.This is in :iddition to information olit:iiiird by intcrviews.wliriiever a 1o:id of fish is sanilrlcd.It prwrntlj- is not fe:isible to try to institate n logbooksystem for Baja Califoinia fishermen. We are able to obtainiwolds of initivitlrial d(~liwric~s. and to snpplementthis by interviews.STUDIES ON THE POPULATIONSOne of the major reasons for esta1)lishing ('alC'OF1 wasto ohtnin information about many aspects of the populationdynamics of the sardinc that conld not be wriiiig ont ofc;itcli and effort data. l\lethods independent of the fisherywere rlereloped to determine popnlatioii sizc. popdationstrnchire, factors iinderlying marked fiuctnations in tliesnrvival of yenr-classes, shifts in distribntion of the populationwith respect to the area of the fislierj- (availability I,etc. What \vas not fnlly appreciated was the complexityresnlting from competition het\veen species of a trophiclevel (Le. betwcen s:~rdine and anchovy).We mnst continue to inwstignte tlir inter:lrtion betweencompeting species. This rcqiiires more so1)llisticated researchthan is Iiossihle from stndies on the fishery alone.Tagging Experiment-AnchovyThe State lins already initiated a tngging experiment insonthern California waters. They had tagged aboiit 100,000anchovies 1)s Xovem1)er. 1966, in arexs off northern BajaCalifornia, sonthern California (inshore and offshore) andtlir JIontereq- nay area. I~~vent~rally n tagging esl)eriiiirntshonltl permit a cletermin:~tion of the extent of migrationsnntl intermiiigling of fisli from vnrioiis parts of the anchovies'range-California, Raja California or the PacificSorthwest. Tagging esperiineiits should be combined withgenetic stndies. Tagying on n broader scale may provideinformation almit popnlation pnr:tmeters snrh :is popnlntionsize. fishiiig mortality. and ii:itnr:il mortalit y.One of the initial problems we 1i:rrc to clncitlnte is tlieextent and rate of repleiiisliment of stocks from otherareas. Will fish move iip from Baja California for csnniple.to rcpleiiisli stocks reduced by fishing off sontliern Califoriki'?h very siiccessfiil tagging experiment ~-ns carried onton the Pacific sardine (1936-41). mostly liy the C'aliforninJ)epmtment of Fish and Game. The lkpartment vi11lie chiefly responsible for the tngging espc~rinient on tlie:~iicIiov>-. The Enre:in of Commercial Fisheries is cooperat-1)- in dercloping tecliniqiies tlwt will wsnlt ininortality ; also in ev:iliiating this mortality.Genetic StudiesThese are necessary to cletermine v-hct!lrr one 01' severalstocks are being fishrd. IVe non- know. for cx:niiple, thatthe s:rrdii~e fishery OK sontliern California dqwntled nlrontw(i genetic stocks (northern :and sontlieri1 siil)l)ol)iilntioiis)n-it11 cliffcriiig availahilitg. Is tlie :inchovj- po1111~:1tioil in the1';icific ofl' C":rlifnrni:x ant1 Baja Cxliforiii:i siiiiil:lrly made 111,of sc\-t~~l genctirully dist irict stocks? In point of fact. :It:igging rsperinient ~vonlcl he rondiicteil qnite differentlyif we defiilitelj- I;iie\r illat tlie anclio\-y pop111:itioii consistedof :I single interniiiigliiig stock rather th:in severalgeiieticiil1~- distinct stocks.B('I
Page 1 and 2: STATE OF CALIFORNIAMARINE RESEARCH
Page 3 and 4: STATE OF CALIFORNIADEPARTMENT OF FI
Page 5 and 6: RONALD REAGAXGovcriwr of the Slate
Page 7: PART 1REVIEW OF ACTIVITIESJuly 1,19
Page 11 and 12: REPORTS VOLUNE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 13 and 14: REPORTS YOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 15 and 16: REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 17 and 18: REPORTS vor,uiwIi; SI, 1 JULY 1063
Page 19 and 20: REPORTS TOT2T71\IF: SI, 1 JUJIT 196
Page 21 and 22: IiEPOHTS TOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 23 and 24: REVIEW OF THE PELAGIC WET FISHERIES
Page 25 and 26: KEI'OiiTH TOLUJIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 T
Page 29 and 30: PART IISYMPOSIUM ON ANCHOVIES, GENU
Page 31 and 32: OCEANIC ENVIRONMENTS OF THE GENUS E
Page 33 and 34: KEI'OKTS VOLIXI.: SI, 1 JULY 1963 T
Page 41 and 42: ~~~REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 T
Page 45 and 46: REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 47 and 48: 130'E 132' 134' 136' 138' 140' 142-
Page 49 and 50: REPORTS VOLUSIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 57 and 58: KI3I’ORTH VOLUJIE XI, 1 JULY 1963
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REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS VOLUIIE SI. 1 JULY 1963 TO
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REPORTS T’OLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 T
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INFLUENCE OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FAC
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REPORTS Y‘OLUJIE XI, 1 JULY 1963
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~table shows the values calculated
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ateREPORTS T-OLTJIT", SI, 1 JULl 19
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REPORTS POLGNE SI, 1 JU LY 1963 TO
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REPORTS VOLUXE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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_________--_____REPORTS VOLUJIE SI,
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REPORTS TOLTIJIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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-20/5-0 10-f 5-w 25-0 20-= 15-: 10-
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REPORTS VOLUNE SI. 1 JULY 19G3 TO 3
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REPORTS VOLURlE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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THE PREDATION OF GUANO BIRDS ON THE
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iod and after 8 AM during the rest
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FISH E RYThe California anchovy fis
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~~ ::REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963
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CO-OCCURRENCES OF SARDINE AND ANCHO
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120 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC
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CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANlC FISH
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126CALIFORNIB COOPERATIVE OCEANIC F
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~~ ~130 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEA
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132 CALIF0RhTTIA COOPERATIVE OCEANI
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THE ACCUMULATION OF FISH DEBRIS IN
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PART IllSCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS
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REPORTS VOLU&IE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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SUMMARY OF THERMAL CONDITIONS AND P
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SEASONAL VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE A
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including the semiannual harmonic?
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REPORTS VOiLUME XI, 1 JULY 1983 TO
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170 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCWIC FI
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172 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCBANIC
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184CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC F
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CONTENTSI. Review of Activities Pag
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