CalCOFI Reports, Vol. 11, 1967 - California Cooperative Oceanic ...

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30 CALIFOKSI,-\ COOPERATIVE OCEASIC FISHERIES ISVESTIGATIOSSI\ rlling in temperate latitudes and tire richer in nutricntsiind higlier in productivity and zooplanktonT oluiix~ than the central ocean w-atcrs. In temperatelatitudes the depth of tlie mixed layer is notablyshallower in the eastern bountlary currents than furtheroff'sliore.The western boundary current areas in temperatelatitudes are warmer than the central n t er masses.They are not so rich as tlie eastern boundary currentsbut are richer than the central ocean. Zooplanktonvolume is moderate. The mixed layer is much thickerthan in tlie eastern boundary currents.The North Sea is a tolerable environment in spiteof its high latitude only because it receives somewater from the south uia the North Atlantic Currentaiid the Gulf Stream: it is therefore much warmerthan any other water at this latitude. It is shallow,much of it less than 100 m in depth, and fairly wellmixed, so that it does not offer a wide range of properties,though the vertical mixing and advection renderit fairly productive.The Baltic is still shallower and much fresher, thesalinity of the surface water decreasing almost to zeroin the upprr reaches arid even the few deeper basinscontain water of only about 12yL at the bottom.THE RANGE OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITYIN THE HABITAT OF ENGRAULISThe Mediterranean is a. much more nearly homogeneousbody of water than is the adjacent part of theAtlantic. Salinity is everJ-where quite close to 38.5%0and the temperature, except for the thin suminerwarmedlayer, is near to 13°C. Because of the extremeeraporation 0~7er the area the water is very saliiieand dense, sild ovrrturn to the bottom occurs in partof the Mediterranean. Exchange wit11 the Atlanticoccurs by outflow of saline water to the deeper partof the Atlantic, and inllow of surface water from theAtlantic. For this reason the nutrient concentratioiiin tlie Mediterranean is lo~v and procluctirity is generallylow.3028262422m3v, 20JW* 18mWWIT 160Wn14zw 12[L3t-a IO[LWa2 8Wt-6420-?IiiI.I+austraiis1 :I!I.I !*anchoitai!..[I... -1 ..-.!! -...IIII L-JIIIII>ringensIL rIn o r d a xI!- japonicus0 2 4 6 8 IO 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42ISALINITYIN PARTS PER MILLEFIGURE 2. Temperature and salinity ranges of areas inhabited by Engraulis.
KEI'OKTS VOLIXI.: SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO YO JUNE 1966 31The Black Sea is tlie most curious habitat of E?tg~nulis.Surface waters are niaintained at such ti lowsalinity that overturii to the bottom does not occurin tlie Black Sea, and exchange of the deepcr waterswith the Mediterranean is limited by the interreiiingsill. As a result the deeper water of the Black Sea isbut slon-ly renewed and is devoid of oxygen belowabout 200 in depth : large concentrations of hydrogensulphide are found beneath this level. Engrazilis istherefore confined to a shallo~r level that is not enriclredby overturn to great depth.The Sea of Japan is fed by a flow from the southof relatively warm and saline water: this flovs upthe eastern boundary of the Sea, is cooled and diluted,and returns as much colder and less saline water.This and the effect of srason givr the Japan Sea awide range of properties, froni the freezing point inthe northwestern region in minter to the warm duesof the Kuroshio in the southeast in summer.The areas inhabited by Engraiilis include not onlythe oceanic areas roughly indicated in Figure 1, butinclude also tlie wry slidlow inslrore watcn tiid bays,lagoons. aiid estuarie\. The T ;ilues of trinper,iture andsalinity that are showii 011 P'igurr 1 rqmsriit onlythe oceanic part of Engraulis' habitat : soniewliathiglier ~ n d very iiiach 1owc.r v1111xc~ of salinity andtc mperature n.onld appear if the inshore. lion-oceanicI,:,bit,rts xwre inc.lnded. Xott. also that for thr Baltic,Sortli, and hzor seas only the summer values areshown : apparently E~Q/~YTU/?'s rctreats from theseareas wlieii tliry becoine vciry cold in wintcr. Slurfacetcwperatures in tlie 13:iltic are bctween 0 and '3°C inwinter, in the North Sr:i between 2 and 'i"C', andin the Azov Sea betwec.n 2 and 3°C. It is also noteworthythat Eizgraitlis reinains in the Black Seathrougliout thc n-intc.r when surface teiriperature isabout 8°C.Those figures do not take into account in anycoinpletc way the migrations. either horizontal orvertical, that Engrairlis niay inakc in response toseasonal changes in the environment. Therefore thenlues undoubtedly inc~ludt~ a somewhat wider rniige3028262422072 20-IW18(DWE 160W0z14w 12az3I-4 IOaWnE 8We6AZOV-...-...-...summer only\ r---1i -SLI I '-L.-1ner420-2II winterIL,I0 2 4 6 8 IO 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42SALINITYIN PARTS PER MILLEFIGURE 3. Temperature and salinity ranges of areas inhabited by Engraulis encraricholus.
Page 1 and 2: STATE OF CALIFORNIAMARINE RESEARCH
Page 3 and 4: STATE OF CALIFORNIADEPARTMENT OF FI
Page 5 and 6: RONALD REAGAXGovcriwr of the Slate
Page 7 and 8: PART 1REVIEW OF ACTIVITIESJuly 1,19
Page 9 and 10: REPORTS YOLUAIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 11 and 12: REPORTS VOLUNE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 13 and 14: REPORTS YOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 15 and 16: REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 17 and 18: REPORTS vor,uiwIi; SI, 1 JULY 1063
Page 19 and 20: REPORTS TOT2T71\IF: SI, 1 JUJIT 196
Page 21 and 22: IiEPOHTS TOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 23 and 24: REVIEW OF THE PELAGIC WET FISHERIES
Page 25 and 26: KEI'OiiTH TOLUJIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 T
Page 29 and 30: PART IISYMPOSIUM ON ANCHOVIES, GENU
Page 31: OCEANIC ENVIRONMENTS OF THE GENUS E
Page 41 and 42: ~~~REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 T
Page 45 and 46: REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 47 and 48: 130'E 132' 134' 136' 138' 140' 142-
Page 49 and 50: REPORTS VOLUSIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 57 and 58: KI3I’ORTH VOLUJIE XI, 1 JULY 1963
Page 61 and 62: REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 65 and 66: REPORTS VOLUIIE SI. 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 67 and 68: REPORTS T’OLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 T
Page 69 and 70: INFLUENCE OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FAC
Page 71 and 72: REPORTS Y‘OLUJIE XI, 1 JULY 1963
Page 75 and 76: ~table shows the values calculated
Page 77 and 78: ateREPORTS T-OLTJIT", SI, 1 JULl 19
Page 79 and 80: REPORTS POLGNE SI, 1 JU LY 1963 TO
Page 81 and 82: REPORTS VOLUXE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 83 and 84:
REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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_________--_____REPORTS VOLUJIE SI,
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REPORTS TOLTIJIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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-20/5-0 10-f 5-w 25-0 20-= 15-: 10-
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REPORTS VOLUNE SI. 1 JULY 19G3 TO 3
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REPORTS VOLURlE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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THE PREDATION OF GUANO BIRDS ON THE
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iod and after 8 AM during the rest
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FISH E RYThe California anchovy fis
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~~ ::REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963
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CO-OCCURRENCES OF SARDINE AND ANCHO
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120 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC
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CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANlC FISH
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126CALIFORNIB COOPERATIVE OCEANIC F
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~~ ~130 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEA
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132 CALIF0RhTTIA COOPERATIVE OCEANI
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THE ACCUMULATION OF FISH DEBRIS IN
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PART IllSCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS
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REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS VOLU&IE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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SUMMARY OF THERMAL CONDITIONS AND P
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SEASONAL VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE A
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including the semiannual harmonic?
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REPORTS VOiLUME XI, 1 JULY 1983 TO
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170 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCWIC FI
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172 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCBANIC
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184CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC F
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CONTENTSI. Review of Activities Pag
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