CalCOFI Reports, Vol. 11, 1967 - California Cooperative Oceanic ...
CalCOFI Reports, Vol. 11, 1967 - California Cooperative Oceanic ... CalCOFI Reports, Vol. 11, 1967 - California Cooperative Oceanic ...
144 CSLIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEL4NIC FISHERIES ISVESTIGATIONSthe water upwelled at the coast in the CaliforniaCurrent drifts southward away from the coast as discretetongues of cold surface water, and such tongueshave been observed from Baja California coastalupwellings during the 1964 Scripps tuna oceanographystudies (Scripps Institution of Oceanography,1965). These studies have shown that biota, particularlyphytoplankton, are more abundant in the upwelledwater than elsewhere off this coast; examinationof the charts of areal zooplankton abundancefrom the CalCOFI cruises (e.g., Thrailkill, 1956) confirmthis statement.Figure 1 shows that the highest frequencies of occurrenceof Pleuroncodes during both periods studiedappear to conform to the same pattern; that is, thehighest frequencies are coincident with those areasexpected to be most often occupied by recently upwelledwater; during the 1964 cruises referred toabove, the distribution of pelagic crabs could be0related quite closely to tongues of upwelled water(Blackburn, pers. comm.) , thus confirming the generalpattern revealed in Figure 1.Pelagic Pleuroncodes are very patchily distributedand are occasionally encountered in very dense andextensive concentrations at or near the surface; ithas been assumed that all CalCOFI hauls containingmore than 50 crabs indicate the existence of such aconcentration, since such numbers were taken in only36 of the total of about 1500 zooplankton haulsstudied ; obvious concentrations tended to be avoidedduring sampling, so these data are minimal. Thedistribution of these 36 stations are shown in Figure2 from which can be seen that these are situatedmainly within the influence of upwelled water originatingnear the major capes of Baja California; thus.in this situation not only are pelagic crabs more frequentlyencountered as isolated individuals thanelsewhere, but also as dense surface shoals.DISTRIBUTION IN OFFSHORE AND OCEANICAREASWithin the CalCOFI offshore area less than 500stations were worked during the %year period andat only 52 of these were pelagic crabs taken in thezooplankton tows ; the temporal distribution is shownin Table 1 and the distribution spatially in Figure3. Occurrences were restricted, in the main, to anarea off Punta San Eugenio and to the years 1958-1960.The between-years variation is very much clearer inthese data than is the within-year variation which, ifA STIMPSON, 1860A BEKLEMISHEV, 19610 SCRIPPS INSTITUTIONEXPEDITION DATA0 SHOYO MARU25'FA0 %0130.W IIO'W 110.W I 'W115'WFIGURE 2. Distribution of all occurrences of more than 50 Pleuroncodesper haul; the line encloses all stotions in the first half of theywr showing that these tend to be closer inshore. Closed symbols,dationr at which more than 100 crabs taken per haul.FIGURE 3. Distribution of Pleuroncodes in the offshore and oceanicarea; the stations within the CalCOFl offshore area (indicated by arectangle) at which the species oaurred within the years 1955-1960are shown by dots. The SI0 expedition data includes the followingcruises: Tethys, MidPac, Tuna Spawning, TO-58-1, T0-60-2 and LoPared.
REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 30 JUNE 1966 145it can be demonstrated, consists of a tendency forrecords to occur during the first 6 months of theyear ; this is difficult to determine with certaintybecause of the relatively low sampling intensity afterJuly in each year. More than 50% of the occurrenceswere, in fact, restricted to the period January-Juneof 1959, a period during which particularly activenorthward movement of pelagic individuals was takingplace within the inshore area.Beyond the CalCOFI station pattern there arerecords of the occurrence of pelagic crabs from expeditionresults, although here the station density iseven lower than in the CalCOFI offshore area; theknown records from such sources are set out inFigure 3, which shows that these extend to about1,000 miles offshore to the south-west of Baja California.There are several records from as far southas the Islas Tres Marias. but to the south of theseislands only a single record exists, from the stomachcontents of a single yellowfin tuna (Alverson, 1963).Records within the Gulf of California, where a populationis known to exist (e.g., Boyd, 1963), are notshown in Figure 3.It can be deduced from the data of Alverson (1963)that the relative frequency of occurrence of Pleuroncodesin the oceanic area is much less than closer tothe coast ; he recorded frequencies of occurrence of88.2% in the inshore area compared to only 32.370around the Revilla Gigedo Islands and even smallerfrequencies south of the Gulf and off the Mexicanwest coast. Blackburn (MS) indicates lower volumesof Pleuroncodes per micronekton net haul in theoceanic area as compared with closer to Baja California.Much further to the west, in the region of theHawaiian Islands, there have been many investigationsof the distribution of zooplankton and micronekton(e.g., King & Iverson, 1962) but apparentlythere are no records of the occurrence in the CentralPacific Ocean of pelagic Pleuroncodes; the questionof the status and fate of the stocks in the oceanicareas of the Eastern Pacific will be discussed later.VARIATION WITHIN YEARS, INSHORE AREAThe data are not entirely adequate for an analysisof seasonal variation of the distribution because thesampling frequency in the second half of the year wasconsiderably lower than during the first half, particularlyin the southern part of the inshore area. Forexample, no stations were worked in November southof Cab0 Colnett from 1955-1960, and none duringDecember from 1956-1960.Within these limitations, the data indicate thatpelagic crabs may be encountered in any month inthe inshore area and that their occurrence follows novery clear seasonal cycle ; this can be seen in the datafrom the years 1955 and 1958 (chosen because of relativelycomplete sampling coverage) presented in Figures4a and 4b. It is possible (Figure 5) that, as inthe offshore area, lower frequencies of occurrence maybe found in the period August to December in someyears, but the evidence is inconclusive.That a seasonal cycle of occurrence should be difficultto demonstrate is perhaps not surprising in viewof the marked eurythermy of Pleuroncodes. Table 2,which summarizes all records of the benthic phase ofthe species for which there are also environmentaldata, shows that temperatures down to 9.0" C. aretolerated, while Table 3 indicates that temperaturesup to 28.0" C. are tolerated in the pelagic phase. Thedemonstration in Figure 4, therefore, that the distributionof pelagic crabs was apparently unaffected bythe passage of the 16-24 "C. isotherms through thearea in which the crabs occurred is not surprising,and suggests that some factor other than temperaturemust be the direct determinant of distribution patternsand cycles.The role apparently played by upwelled water indetermining the distribution of the pelagic phasesuggests that the occurrence of the upwelling phenomenonitself may be correlated with the occurrenceoQ pelagic crabs, and this hypothesis was tested in anarea to the south of Punta San Eugenio. The occurrenceof coastal upwelling can be determined mostsimply by the presence of surface isotherms runningparallel to the coast, indicating an offshore tempera-TABLE 1OCCURRENCES OF PELAGIC CRABS IN CalCOFl OFFSHORE AREA (STATIONS WEST OF .80 ON LINES SOUTH OF 110); FOR EACH YEARCOLUMN A = NUMBER OF POSITIVE OCCURRENCES, B = NUMBER Of STATIONS WORKEDI1959 1960 1961 1962 1955-1960%A1956 B r BA B A B A B A B occurrence? 161 43 66 163 126 43 12_- 12-- 4__ 8__ ____ __31.7 18.5 I 1.4 I 7.3 I26.714.316.712.910.921.97.2(+)(+)4.2(T,
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144 CSLIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEL4NIC FISHERIES ISVESTIGATIONSthe water upwelled at the coast in the <strong>California</strong>Current drifts southward away from the coast as discretetongues of cold surface water, and such tongueshave been observed from Baja <strong>California</strong> coastalupwellings during the 1964 Scripps tuna oceanographystudies (Scripps Institution of Oceanography,1965). These studies have shown that biota, particularlyphytoplankton, are more abundant in the upwelledwater than elsewhere off this coast; examinationof the charts of areal zooplankton abundancefrom the <strong>CalCOFI</strong> cruises (e.g., Thrailkill, 1956) confirmthis statement.Figure 1 shows that the highest frequencies of occurrenceof Pleuroncodes during both periods studiedappear to conform to the same pattern; that is, thehighest frequencies are coincident with those areasexpected to be most often occupied by recently upwelledwater; during the 1964 cruises referred toabove, the distribution of pelagic crabs could be0related quite closely to tongues of upwelled water(Blackburn, pers. comm.) , thus confirming the generalpattern revealed in Figure 1.Pelagic Pleuroncodes are very patchily distributedand are occasionally encountered in very dense andextensive concentrations at or near the surface; ithas been assumed that all <strong>CalCOFI</strong> hauls containingmore than 50 crabs indicate the existence of such aconcentration, since such numbers were taken in only36 of the total of about 1500 zooplankton haulsstudied ; obvious concentrations tended to be avoidedduring sampling, so these data are minimal. Thedistribution of these 36 stations are shown in Figure2 from which can be seen that these are situatedmainly within the influence of upwelled water originatingnear the major capes of Baja <strong>California</strong>; thus.in this situation not only are pelagic crabs more frequentlyencountered as isolated individuals thanelsewhere, but also as dense surface shoals.DISTRIBUTION IN OFFSHORE AND OCEANICAREASWithin the <strong>CalCOFI</strong> offshore area less than 500stations were worked during the %year period andat only 52 of these were pelagic crabs taken in thezooplankton tows ; the temporal distribution is shownin Table 1 and the distribution spatially in Figure3. Occurrences were restricted, in the main, to anarea off Punta San Eugenio and to the years 1958-1960.The between-years variation is very much clearer inthese data than is the within-year variation which, ifA STIMPSON, 1860A BEKLEMISHEV, 19610 SCRIPPS INSTITUTIONEXPEDITION DATA0 SHOYO MARU25'FA0 %0130.W IIO'W <strong>11</strong>0.W I 'W<strong>11</strong>5'WFIGURE 2. Distribution of all occurrences of more than 50 Pleuroncodesper haul; the line encloses all stotions in the first half of theywr showing that these tend to be closer inshore. Closed symbols,dationr at which more than 100 crabs taken per haul.FIGURE 3. Distribution of Pleuroncodes in the offshore and oceanicarea; the stations within the CalCOFl offshore area (indicated by arectangle) at which the species oaurred within the years 1955-1960are shown by dots. The SI0 expedition data includes the followingcruises: Tethys, MidPac, Tuna Spawning, TO-58-1, T0-60-2 and LoPared.
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