CalCOFI Reports, Vol. 11, 1967 - California Cooperative Oceanic ...

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THE PELAGIC PHASE OF PLEURONCODES PLANIPES STIMPSON (CRUSTACEA,GALATHEIDAE) IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENTALAN R. LONGHURST’Institute of Marine Resources and Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, CaliforniaINTRODUCTIONThe planktonic habit may be prolonged into or recurin the adults of two species of Galatheidae. HarrisonMatthews (1932) uses the terms “lobster-krill”or “whale feed” in reference to these: Munida gregaria(Fabricus) of southern South America andof New Zealand, and Pleuroncodes planipes Stimpsonthe red or pelagic crab of California and Mexico.Both occur at times as conspicuous concentrations ofapparently adult crabs on which baleen whales areknown to browse (Harrison Matthews, 1932) ; in addition,the studies of McHugh (1952) and Alverson(1963) on the tuna Thunnus alalunga, Katsuwonuspelamis and Thunnus albacares have shown thatPleuroncodes is a significant food item during theirsummer migration into the California Current; forThunnus the pelagic crab may form up to 85% byvolume of all stomach contents from certain areasduring this period.In addition to the normal methods of nutrition ofgalatheids (Nicol, 1932) both species of pelagic crabsare able to graze on phytoplankton by filtration ; recordedby Matthews (1932), Beklemishev (1960) andBoyd (1963), this ability has been confirmed bystudies at this laboratory which will be reported elsewhere.The filtration mechanism is based on the highlysetose second maxilliped which in post-larval Munidais very highly developed and distinguishes the Grimotlzeastage, in Pleuroncodes no such post-larvalstage occurs and pelagic and benthic individuals areapparently indistinguishable from one another.By its ability to graze, at least at times, on thephytoplankton, thus forming a rather direct link betweenprimary production and commercially importantpredatory fish, Pleuroncodes merits study and itis the purpose of this paper to present a synthesis ofthe presently available data concerning its distributionin the California Current system. It is hoped thatthis may contribute to an understanding of the latesummer L‘local banks” fishery for tuna in which thepelagic crab forms the dominant item of forage.This study is based upon data from the regularpattern of stations of the California CooperativeOceanic Fisheries Investigations ( CalCOFI) whichare now available for a period of a decade and a half.Designed primarily to investigate the biology of theclupeid stocks of the California Current, these investigationsincluded at every station a standard haul to1 Contribution from Scripps Institution of Oceanography.140 meters with a l-meter zooplankton net; detailsof the sampling procedure and of the location of stationsare described elsewhere (e.g. Ahlstrom, 1948 ;CalCOFI, 1963).The data consist of records of the numbers ofpelagic crabs removed in the laboratory from eachzooplankton sample before voluming, and these numberswere extracted for the present study from theoriginal data sheets. The actual specimens had neitherbeen measured nor were subsequently retained exceptduring 8 months of 1960 when the whole catch ofpelagic crabs was measured by Boyd (1963) whorecorded a range in standard carapace length of from7 to 20 mm; it has been assumed here that the Cal-COFI data to be discussed refer only to subadult andadult crabs within this size range.A zooplankton net is not an ideal collecting instrumentfor pelagic crabs since a degree of avoidancecertainly occurs, and for this reason the data havebeen used, as far as possible, non-numerically ; becausethe number of individuals per haul is generallyrather small and because the hauls are standardized,the data have not been transformed to numbers perstandard volume.There is no evidence to suggest that crabs in thepelagic phase migrate diurnally so that a populationwould descend during part of the day below the140-meter level normally sampled, and although thedata of Boyd (1963) and from recent work of thislaboratory off Baja California suggest that diurnalmigration may occur, it probably consists primarilyof a withdrawal from only the upper tens of metersof water during daylight hours.The present study was restricted, for practical considerations,to the years 1955-1962 inclusive, thuscovering the end of the long and stable cool periodwhich extended from the late 1940’s to 1957 (Reid,1960) and the years 1988-1959, when altered circulationin the California Current brought warmer conditionsand an influx of southern organisms; alsocovered is the period of return to the more usual conditionswhich have subsequently persisted until thepresent.GENERAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE INSHORE AREAThe CalCOFI stations fall into two groups: thoseinshore of station 70 on each line, which were workedat monthly intervals and extend (Figure 1) about150 miles seawards between Point Conception andCab0 San Lucas; and those further offshore which( 142 )
REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 30 JUNE 1966143were worked much less frequently and extend a further150 miles seawards. These are referred to as theinshore and offshore areas, respectively.In a consideration of the overall distribution ofpelagic crabs within the inshore area, account mustbe taken of the change in distribution of many speciesin this area in 1958-1959 compared with theprevious decade ; these changes and the physical phenomenaassociated with them were discussed at theRancho Santa Fe symposium (Sette and Isaacs, 1960)and subsequently Radovich (1961), Glynn (1961),and Boyd (1963) presented observational data whichindicated that Pleuroncodes planipes was one of thespecies involved.For the present purposes, therefore, two 3-yearperiods were considered separately and the percentagefrequency occurrence of Pleuroncodes at eachstation was calculated for each period. These dataare presented in Figure 1 for the periods 1955-1957and 1958-1960 inclusive, and despite the considerabledifferences in the latitudinal distribution between thetwo periods certain common features appear. In particular,there appears to be a correspondence betweenthe distribution of crabs and the general distributionof upwelled water derived from coastal upwellings.Coastal upwelling is known to occur, mainly in thefirst half of the year, at a number of points along thecoasts of southern and Baja California (Reid et al.,1958), and examination of the charts of surface isothermsfrom CalCOFI cruises shows that it occursmost strongly at Cabo Colnett, Punta San Eugenioand Cab0 San Lazaro (e.g., CalCOFI, 1963), andwithin the bights which lie to the south of thesecapes. It has been shown (Sverdrup et al., 1942) that!!!!I!!!!!!I1958-14\25"25'N\115'WFIGURE 1. The percentage frequency of occurrence of adult Pleuroncodes at each of the CalCOFl inshore stations, data combined for the periodsstated; the intensity of the shading is proportional to the percentage frequencies of occurrence, at the following intervals 1-lo%, 11-25%,51-75%, 76-100% occurrence.115'W
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STATE OF CALIFORNIAMARINE RESEARCH
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STATE OF CALIFORNIADEPARTMENT OF FI
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RONALD REAGAXGovcriwr of the Slate
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PART 1REVIEW OF ACTIVITIESJuly 1,19
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REPORTS YOLUAIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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REPORTS VOLUNE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS YOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS vor,uiwIi; SI, 1 JULY 1063
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REPORTS TOT2T71\IF: SI, 1 JUJIT 196
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IiEPOHTS TOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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REVIEW OF THE PELAGIC WET FISHERIES
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KEI'OiiTH TOLUJIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 T
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PART IISYMPOSIUM ON ANCHOVIES, GENU
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OCEANIC ENVIRONMENTS OF THE GENUS E
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KEI'OKTS VOLIXI.: SI, 1 JULY 1963 T
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130'E 132' 134' 136' 138' 140' 142-
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INFLUENCE OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FAC
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REPORTS Y‘OLUJIE XI, 1 JULY 1963
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~table shows the values calculated
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ateREPORTS T-OLTJIT", SI, 1 JULl 19
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REPORTS POLGNE SI, 1 JU LY 1963 TO
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REPORTS VOLUXE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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_________--_____REPORTS VOLUJIE SI,
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REPORTS TOLTIJIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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-20/5-0 10-f 5-w 25-0 20-= 15-: 10-
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REPORTS VOLUNE SI. 1 JULY 19G3 TO 3
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Page 107 and 108: THE PREDATION OF GUANO BIRDS ON THE
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Page 115 and 116: FISH E RYThe California anchovy fis
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Page 138 and 139: THE ACCUMULATION OF FISH DEBRIS IN
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Page 157 and 158: SUMMARY OF THERMAL CONDITIONS AND P
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Page 190: CONTENTSI. Review of Activities Pag
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