CalCOFI Reports, Vol. 11, 1967 - California Cooperative Oceanic ...

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112CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONSMonterey Bay area hatching takes place about 62hours after spawning.Newly-hatched larvae are 2.5 to 3 mm long. Theyolk sac is rather large and elongated, tapering to apoint posteriorly, The yolk sac is absorbed entirelywithin 36 hours. The larvae are elongated, transparentand threadlike. In the early stages the mouth isterminal and they do not begin to look like the adultform until they are about 1 inch long.AGE AND GROWTHClark and Phillips (1952) first determined the ageand rate of growth for the northern anchovy. Miller(1955) studied the validity of scales for determiningthe ages of anchovies and concluded that scalesmounted dry between two glass slides were satisfactory.He also concluded that annual rings wereformed on the scales during the early winter andspring months and all fish showed new annuli bythe middle of April. Growth rates decreased duringlate summer and fall ( August-November ) .Clark and Phillips (1952) presented a growthcurve for anchovies taken in southern and centralCalifornia and determined average sizes through ageVI1 (Table 2, Figure 1).TABLE 2AVERAGE LENGTH AT EACH AGE OF THE ANCHOVY IN THECALIFORNIA1FISHERY (CLARKIAND PHILLIPS,11952)Standard length Total length Total lengthSge (mm) (mm) (inches)-___180170 -160 -Y) =5 150-L5 140 -35 130 -5 120 -025 110 -a2 100 -az$ 90-“7FIGURE 1.II I I I I II4.35.66.47 .O7.47.77.91 2 3 4 5 6 7AGE IN YEARSGrowth curve for the northern anchovy in California.In general the anchovy is short-lived ; individualsover 7 inches long and 4 years of age are rare,although anchovies 9 inches long and 7 years oldhave been taken.FOODAlthough statements that adult northern anchoviesfeed on zooplankton have been common, no definitivestudy of their food habits has been published as yet.Such studies of anchovy food are only now in theirearly stages. Some work has been done on the foodof larvae. Berner (1959) found that larvae collectedin 1954 ate chiefly crustaceans, mostly copepods invarious developmental stages.Anchovies are apparently indiscriminate filter feedersand are chiefly daytime feeders. They have beenobserved to be predatory on small fish at times, eventheir own kind. We have observed this several times.We have also noted l+-inch fish in the stomachs of5J-inch anchovies.COMPETITORSThe chief competitor of the northern anchovy is almostcertainly the Pacific sardine (Xardinops caeruleus).Competition begins in the larval stages andprobably continues through life. Sardines and anchovieseat about the same foods and both occur ingreatest abundance between Point Conception, Californiaand Magdalena Bay, Baja California,PREDATORSThe list of anchovy predators would certainly includealmost every predatory species in our waters.Although the list of anchovy predators in our watersincludes a great many species of fishes, birds, andmammals, we know very little of the actual quantitiesof anchovies consumed or what percentage of thepredator diet is made up of anchovies in relation toother forage species. Available quantitative studiesshow that anchovies constituted 12.8 percent by volumeof the diet of California yellowtail (SerioZa dorsalis)(Craig, 1960) and 29.1 percent by volume ofthe diet of king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)off San Francisco (Merkel, 1957). Qualitative studieshave shown anchovies to be an important constituentin the diets of all of the large predatory game fishoff California. It is interesting to note that the Pacificbonito (Xarda chiliensis) population has blossomedconcurrent with the tremendous growth of the anchovypopulation. Between 1951 and 1963 the bonitocatch by party boats increased from 6,3001 fish in1963 to a high of 1,200,000 fish in 1960. Since then,the bonito catch has dropped from 850,000 in 1961 to775,000 in 1963. Suffice to say, the anchovy is probablythe number one forage species in the inshore watersof California and Baja California at the present time.Despite this apparent forage demand the anchovypopulation has still continued to grow in size at aphenomenal rate (Ahlstrom, 1965).
FISH E RYThe California anchovy fishery is in reality twodistinct fisheries, the commercial fishery and that forlive bait. Both are quite modest compared to anchovyfisheries in other parts of the world. In fact, theamount of anchovies consumed by the guano birds ofPeru (an estimated 3% million tons annually) approximatesa large portion of the entire populationsize of our species (see Jordhn, this volume).REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 30 JUSE 1966 113period from 1952 through 1937 when the failure ofCalifornia’s sardine fishery forced the purse-seinefleet to turn to other species, most catches have beenmade by small boats employing lampara nets.Commercial CatchUnder commercial catch are included fish used incanning for both human consumption ami pet foods ;fresh. frozen, and salted fish sold at fresh fish markets;dead bait used by both sportsmen and commercialfishermen ; fish used for feeding at fish hatcheries andCommercial Fisherymink farms; and offal used for reduction into mealThe commercial fishery in California is carried on and oil.exclusively with roundhaul nets, and except for the The Department of Fish and Ganie has tabulatedthe aniounts of fish and fishery products landed inTABLE 3California since 1916 (Table 3). From 1916 to 1938CALIFORNIA ANCHOVY LANDINGS BY PQRT, 1916-1964 between 30 and 973 tons were landed annually,(IN TONS)mostly for dead or salted bait. In general, less than-200 tons were landed annually during this period.Slightly increased tonnages were lanclcd between1918 and 1921 for reduction into meid and oil incentral California. Legislation requiring a special pcr-_. 119.8 125.7 20.1 __’ mit from the Fish and Game265.6(’oiiiniission 10 reduce__ 50.11 187.81 26.4 _. 264.3 whole fish stopped this activity in 1922._. 131.2 270.2 __ 24.7 4.9 434.0 In 1939 increased catches of anchovies were made.. 133 01 352.5 _. 288.4 10.8 801.7_. 110.6 156.9 __ 2.3 15.1 284.9 for grinding into “chum” for use in the southern._ 87.6 741.4 __California c scoop^' fishery for Pacific mackerel5.2 139.1 973.3_. 75.4 68.2__ 182.4 0.2 326.2 (Xconzber diego). With the decline of sardines and__ 92.0 42.5 __ 19.0 __ 153.5__ 5.3 148.5 1.7 17.9 __Pacific mackerel in the years immediately following173.4_. 13.0 0.7 _ _ 32.8 _. 46.5 World War I1 varying amounts of anchovies werepacked to supply foreign and domestic markets for_. 1.7 24.3 _- 4.1 _. 30.1__ 139.1 28.3 __ 16.1 0.6 184.1 canned wetfish. The period of greatest activity in the__ 62.8 87.7 __ 27.9 0.3 178.7 anchovy fishery was between 1952 and 1957 when__ 119.8 41.030.4 _. 191.2__ 130.9 21.7 __ 5.2 1.9 159.7from 20,273 to the all time high of 42,917 tons werelanded. Most of this was canned either ((sardine_. 82.3 52.4 -- 18.’ O.’ 153.7 style” for export or for pet food. Since 1957 the__ 92.5 45.4 _. 20.7 _. 158.6 Commercial catch has varied between 1,400 and 5,800__ 33.5 63.7 __ 31.5 -- 128.7 tons chiefly due to a lack of demand by canners._. 73.8 60.0 __ 15.8 __ 149.6__ 37.2 38.2__ 14.0 _. 89.41.0 66.5 15.1 __ 14.9 __ 97.5 Live Bait Fishery_. 51.0 22.1__ 40.0 __ 113.1__ 224.6 __ 367.5This unique fishery is carried on expressly to125.9 17.0__ 107.4 6.0 ._ 960.5 _. 1,073.9 supply fishermen with live fish for use as bait or__ 6.9 18.7 -- 3,125.9 7.3 3,158.8 chum. Fishing for live bait was introduced locally__ 0.3 16.6 16.6 2,019.1 ._ 2,052.6 in 1910 by Japanese albacore fishermen who used_. 2.7 74.5 -- o.2 847.1 blanket nets; lampara or bait nets, as used now, Tl-ere_. 39.4 99.2__ 646.8 785.4__ 55.0 424.0 .. 1,465.1 1:4 1,945.5 introduced into the live-bait fishery in 1912.0.2 146.0 63.9 __ 598.3 _. 808.4The mainstay of the live-bait fishery is the northern__ 131.9 124.0 2.5 702.2 0.2 960.8 anchovy which comprises up to 98 percent of the total2.2 195.1 7,747.9 99.7 1,423.5 1.8 9,470.2live-bait catch. Other specks included in the catch6.8 190.1 3,627,8 102,1 1,486,2 4,9 5,417.9__ 108.2 741.4 240.8 566.6 4.1 1,661.1 are Pacific sardines, white croaker (Genyonenaus0.4 169.3 1,273.3 143.9 850.1 0.3 2,439.3 lineatus), queenfish (Xeriphics politus), Pacific mack-__ 142.0 2,525.0 100.8 703.2 6.43,477.4 erel, jack mackerel (!kXh?crzcs syqnnzetricus), and__ 2,915.5 19,867.8 3,516.8 1,578.7 12.6 27391.4 Pacific herring (Clupea pdusi).__ 1,536.3 6,847.5 17,367.6 17,164.9 1.4 42,917.70.7 130.9 122.6 8,403.7 12,546.0 1.2 21,205.1 Bait nets are usually 120 to 140 fathoms long by-- 103.3 3,441.8 1,630.8 17*166.7 3.2 223345.8 20 to 30 fathoms deep and are generally constructed__ 194.0 4,829.2 278.7 23,158.4 .. 28,460.3 of synethetic fibers such as nylon. Mesh sizes vary0.5 5.1 742.9 77.5 199440.5 7.2 20,273.7 from 6 to 8 inches in the wings to 4 inch in the bag.__ 1.4 271.2 313.5 5,212.9 2.3 5,801.315.0 186.4 404.9 2,979.7 0.9 3,586.9 The live-bait fishery is carried on at most coastal__ 0.3 645.3 12.8 1,870.9 __ 2,529.3norts between San Francisco and San Diego. LosL----- -~__ 114.8 1,893.7 27.1 1,820.2 -- 3,855.8 Rngeles-Long Beach Harbor is the most imiortant_. 5.7 594.0 14.9 767.2 0.2 2,285.2 1382.0 fishing area, supplying over 80 percent of the h e_. 13.9 1,680.1 5.7 585.515.1 1,416.6 0.5 1,053.6 I:? 2,487.5 bait used in southern California in recent years.Although live bait taken in coastal areas is locatedj ..
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STATE OF CALIFORNIAMARINE RESEARCH
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STATE OF CALIFORNIADEPARTMENT OF FI
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RONALD REAGAXGovcriwr of the Slate
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PART 1REVIEW OF ACTIVITIESJuly 1,19
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REPORTS YOLUAIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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REPORTS VOLUNE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS YOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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REPORTS vor,uiwIi; SI, 1 JULY 1063
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REPORTS TOT2T71\IF: SI, 1 JUJIT 196
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IiEPOHTS TOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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REVIEW OF THE PELAGIC WET FISHERIES
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KEI'OiiTH TOLUJIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 T
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PART IISYMPOSIUM ON ANCHOVIES, GENU
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OCEANIC ENVIRONMENTS OF THE GENUS E
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KEI'OKTS VOLIXI.: SI, 1 JULY 1963 T
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~~~REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 T
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REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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130'E 132' 134' 136' 138' 140' 142-
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REPORTS VOLUSIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
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KI3I’ORTH VOLUJIE XI, 1 JULY 1963
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REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
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Page 67 and 68: REPORTS T’OLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 T
Page 69 and 70: INFLUENCE OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FAC
Page 71 and 72: REPORTS Y‘OLUJIE XI, 1 JULY 1963
Page 75 and 76: ~table shows the values calculated
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Page 79 and 80: REPORTS POLGNE SI, 1 JU LY 1963 TO
Page 81 and 82: REPORTS VOLUXE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 85 and 86: _________--_____REPORTS VOLUJIE SI,
Page 87 and 88: REPORTS TOLTIJIE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 89 and 90: -20/5-0 10-f 5-w 25-0 20-= 15-: 10-
Page 91 and 92: REPORTS VOLUNE SI. 1 JULY 19G3 TO 3
Page 97 and 98: REPORTS VOLURlE SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 107 and 108: THE PREDATION OF GUANO BIRDS ON THE
Page 109 and 110: iod and after 8 AM during the rest
Page 113: REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 117 and 118: ~~ ::REPORTS VOLUME XI, 1 JULY 1963
Page 119: CO-OCCURRENCES OF SARDINE AND ANCHO
Page 122 and 123: 120 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC
Page 124 and 125: CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANlC FISH
Page 128 and 129: 126CALIFORNIB COOPERATIVE OCEANIC F
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Page 134 and 135: 132 CALIF0RhTTIA COOPERATIVE OCEANI
Page 138 and 139: THE ACCUMULATION OF FISH DEBRIS IN
Page 143 and 144: PART IllSCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS
Page 147 and 148: REPORTS VOLUME SI, 1 JULY 1963 TO 3
Page 151 and 152: REPORTS VOLU&IE XI, 1 JULY 1963 TO
Page 157 and 158: SUMMARY OF THERMAL CONDITIONS AND P
Page 159 and 160: SEASONAL VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE A
Page 163 and 164: including the semiannual harmonic?
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REPORTS VOiLUME XI, 1 JULY 1983 TO
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170 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCWIC FI
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172 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCBANIC
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174 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC
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184CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC F
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CONTENTSI. Review of Activities Pag
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