in the literacy life of his <strong>three</strong> year oldgr<strong>and</strong>daughter, he found that she wasnaturally, intentionally, playfully <strong>and</strong>cooperatively engaged in oral <strong>and</strong> writtenliteracy events throughout the day.Further, Alice orchestrated these activitieswith everyday rituals <strong>and</strong> routines, such asmeal times, <strong>and</strong> the events were almostexclusively initiated <strong>and</strong> led by the child(Campbell 1998). However, with parents<strong>and</strong> practitioners currently feelingpressurised in<strong>to</strong> engaging young childrenin functional literacy at a very young age,it is important <strong>to</strong> remember that at thisage children will attend most voraciously<strong>to</strong> what interests them. The experiences,memories <strong>and</strong> interaction in which youngchildren are engaged are constantly beingrevisited, refined <strong>and</strong> consolidated withboth concrete <strong>and</strong> abstract connectionsbeing made between objects, events,people <strong>and</strong> interactions. It is in thiseveryday, social context in which youngchildren’s development occurs that literacycan also emerge <strong>and</strong> grow. It is this idea of’literacy <strong>and</strong> literate outcomes asprocesses <strong>to</strong> be experienced, <strong>to</strong> be placedin relation <strong>to</strong> other literacy events <strong>and</strong>practices rather than seen as unchangingobjects of study or unquestioningreverence’ (Bearne 1995: 4). Also, becausethe beliefs that we hold as adults, parents<strong>and</strong> carers, affect what child behaviours wevalue <strong>and</strong> encourage (Harste et al 1984),then it seems important <strong>to</strong> develop <strong>and</strong>give status <strong>to</strong> opportunities <strong>and</strong> resourcesin safe <strong>and</strong> meaningful contexts forchildren <strong>to</strong> explore, imitate <strong>and</strong>reconstruct the sign systems which willinfluence <strong>and</strong> shape their lives, within theirown <strong>and</strong> others’ cultures. Indeed, asMatthews claims, ‘what we represent, theforms this representation may take, <strong>and</strong>how far societies support the growth ofrepresentational <strong>and</strong> expressive thought,are pedagogical, social <strong>and</strong> political issues‘(Matthews 1998:105).What children ‘represent’ will beinfluenced by the material nature of theirsurroundings (including the voices <strong>and</strong>exchanges they witness) <strong>and</strong> thesignificance given <strong>to</strong> such materials byfamily <strong>and</strong> community. Bruner takes theview that ‘human mental activity dependsfor its full expression upon being linked<strong>to</strong> a cultural <strong>to</strong>ol kit’ (Bruner 1986:15) <strong>and</strong>Kress reminds us that ‘as children aredrawn in<strong>to</strong> culture,“what is <strong>to</strong> h<strong>and</strong>”,becomes more <strong>and</strong> more that which theculture values <strong>and</strong> therefore makes readilyavailable’ (Kress 1997: 13). Allowingchildren the freedom <strong>to</strong> explore, express,denote <strong>and</strong> communicate through markmaking in a supported environment thatvalues talk <strong>and</strong> interaction,will ensure thatearly mark making feeds in<strong>to</strong> developingliterate practices (David et al 2000).Developing effective oral <strong>and</strong> written skillsof communication <strong>and</strong> engagingaffectively with such practices are bothcrucial <strong>to</strong> young learners as ‘language has<strong>to</strong> interpret the whole of our experience…with the child carving out for himself a99
oute that reflects the particularcircumstances of his own individualhis<strong>to</strong>ry <strong>and</strong> experience’ (Halliday 1978:21).As children ex pe ri m e nt, t a ke risks <strong>and</strong> makem a rks that ‘st<strong>and</strong> for things in the wo rl d’( Kress 2000: 6 ), within a lite ra cy ri c he nv i ro n m e nt, including news p a pe r s, ce re a lp a c ke t s, s i g n s, n o t i ce s, a dve rt i s e m e nt s,p ri nted tee shirts as well as screen lite ra cy,with adults who ca re <strong>and</strong> inte ra ct in as u p po rting <strong>and</strong> challenging manner, t h e nt h ey will emerge as lite ra cy userst h e m s e lve s. Howeve r, this is not a tidyp rocess – such as underw riting or co py i n gm ay seem <strong>to</strong> be – <strong>and</strong> it is nece s s a ry <strong>to</strong> ‘l i vewith the litter of lite ra cy’ ( Ha r s te et al 1984 :140) as those who have doc u m e nted theirown <strong>and</strong> other childre n’s lite ra cyd eve l o p m e nt will co n f i rm (eg Bi s s ex 1980 ,Pahl 1999) with signs, n o t i ce s, s c raps ofp a per establishing ident i ty, re l ationships <strong>and</strong>o f fe ring pe r s u a s i o n ,as well as maps,co n s t ru ctions <strong>and</strong> arte f a cts appe a ring atw i l l . Howeve r, the lasting effe cts of thiste m po ra ry state are that young childre nd evelop as makers <strong>and</strong> users of the symbo l i ccode in meaningful ways, l e a rning of thepower <strong>and</strong> influence that co m m u n i cat i o na cts invo lving writing can wield.LINKS WITH THE FRAMEWORKThe Development Matters points forthis Aspect, A Competent Learner, inthe Framework <strong>Birth</strong> <strong>to</strong> Three Matters areas follows:-Making ConnectionsYoung babies use movement <strong>and</strong>sensory exploration <strong>to</strong> connect withtheir immediate environment.As they become more mobile, babiesconnect with <strong>to</strong>ys, objects <strong>and</strong> a widergroup of people.Young children learn through repeatingpatterns of play (sometimes calledSCHEMA).(CD-ROM).Children begin <strong>to</strong> connect objects <strong>and</strong>ideas: a pair of socks, a big teddy,armb<strong>and</strong>s for swimming.Being ImaginativeYoung babies enjoy <strong>and</strong> learn byimitating their key person.As they become mobile, babies usetheir whole bodies <strong>to</strong> recreate anexperience.Young children re-enact familiar sceneswith the help of people, props <strong>and</strong>resources.Children engage in concentrated playin which they extend their language<strong>and</strong> try out ideas, feelings, relationships<strong>and</strong> movements.100 EDUCATIONAND SKILLS B I RT H T O T H R E E M AT T E R S
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AcknowledgementsThe authors and pub
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Relationships with other people (bo
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policies for families. So this lite
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etween three and nine years old whi
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0 - 8 months: Heads Up, Lookers and
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e a rliest ye a r s’ 1 , is the c
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distinguish between things, and tha
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Chapter 2Influential research and t
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THE ISSUE OF THEORIES AS CULTURALCO
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p a rt i c u l a rly in re l ation
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developed by Bereiter and Engelmann
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familiar settings. By about one yea
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child as learning and developing in
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are important to them,blanking out
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THEORIES ABOUT EARLY CHILDHOODEDUCA
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Chapter 3A Strong ChildIn the Frame
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A GROWING AWARENESS OF SELF AND THE
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( a d a p ted from Davies 1999 : 12
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them with an inadequate modelof rew
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However, even sensitive parents and
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) The Ecolo
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for intervention. In B.B. Lahey and
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children. In J. Bruner and H. Haste
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Fawcett, A. (2001) Special Educatio
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Grainger, T. and Goouch,K. (1999) Y
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Howes, C. (1987) Peer interaction o
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months Journal of Reproductive and
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Mandler, J. (1999) Preverbal repres
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Mo r s s, J . ( 1990) The Bi o l og
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Patel, P., Mendall, M.A., Khulusi,
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Roberts, H. (2001a) Fit or fat? Coo
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Singer, E. (1992) Child Care and th
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Teti, D.M.and Gelfand, D.M. (1991)B
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Issues in the Early Years London:Pa
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National Association for SpecialEdu
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PEOPLE FOCUSED continued/setting fo
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BIRTH TO THREE MATTERSPro Forma for
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