Mangrove Forest Restoration in Andhra Pradesh, India - Global ...

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AcknoknowledgmentWe are grateful to Prof. M.S. Swaminathan, Chairman,M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation for his encouragement andguidance. We thank Dr. M. Velayuthum, Executive Director, MSSRF,for his guidance and Dr. V. Selvam, Programme Director, MSSRFfor his critical comments and suggestions.We are thankful to Shri. S. K. Das, IFS, Principal ChiefConservator of Forests, Shri. K. Subba Rao, IFS andShri. S. D. Mukherjee IFS, former Principal Chief Conservators ofForests, Shri. T. Ramakrishna, IFS, Shri. Hitesh Malhotra, IFS,Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Shri. A.V. Joseph,IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests, Shri. Ramesh Kalghatgi, IFS,Shri. J.V.K.T. Prabakar Rao, IFS, Shri. Manoranjan Bhanja, IFS,Conservators of Forests, Andhra Pradesh for their support inimplementing the project. We thank Shri. N. Varaprasada Rao,Shri. Thatha Rao, Shri. K. Ravi Kumar, Shri. K. Prakasha Rao, DeputyConservators of Forests, Shri. N. Bhujanga Rao, Shri. C.V.V.Satyanarayana, Shri. M. V. Satyanarayana Murthy, Shri. MallikarjunaRao, Forest Range officers and the staff of Coringa and KrishnaWildlife Sanctuaries, Andhra Pradesh for their help during themangrove restoration work from 1996 to 2003.We acknowledge the contributions of Dr. D. Sridhar andShri. D. Ramakrishna in the restoration and hydrological studiesrespectively.We thank Dr. Ujwal Chaudary and Dr. Jaya Chatterji of IndiaCanada Environment Facility (ICEF), New Delhi, for their supportin making this work possible.We extend our thanks to the members of the EDC and VSScommittees of Godavari and Krishna mangroves for theirparticipation and involvement in the restoration. We thankShri. R. Satyanarayana, AFBO and Mr. D. Srinu, for their help andassistance in the fieldwork and the boat drivers Shri. Satyam andM. Srinu.iv
Contents1. Mangrove forests - an overview - 12. Mangrove forests in Andhra Pradesh - 32.1 Riverine systems in Andhra Pradesh - 53. Causes of degradation - 73.1. Past management practices - 73.2. Hydrological and geomorphological causes - 83.3. Anthropogenic causes - 94. Restoration methods - 104.1. Restoration of degraded mangroves in the past - 104.2. Methodology for restoration of degradedmangroves at present - 114.2.1. Geomorphology and hydrology inmangrove restoration - 134.2.2. Hydrological studies in Godavari - 154.2.3. Hydrological studies in Krishna - 164.2.4. Dimensions of canals - 174.2.5. Selection of species and planting - 184.2.6. Desilting of canals and casualty replacement - 194.3. Mangrove area restored - 195. Impact of mangrove restoration - 205.1. Cost of the restoration activity and long-termbenefits - 225.2. How the restoration work has improved thesocio-economic condition of Bhairavalanka village inGodavari mangroves - 24References - 25v
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