'Vulnerability': A Matter of Perception - nirapad

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‘Vulnerability’: A Matter of PerceptionBlaikie, P. Cannon, T., Davies, I., Wisner, B. (1994), At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’sVulnerablity, and Disasters, RoutledgeBlolong, R. R. (1996), The Ivatan Cultural Adaptation to Typhoons: A Portrait of a Self-Reliant Community from the Indigenous Development Perspective, in: Aghamtao,Journal of Anthropological Association of the Philippines, Vol 8, pp 13-24Buckland, J and M. Rahman, (1999), Community-Based Disaster Management duringthe 1997 Red River Flood in Canada, in: Disasters, Vol 23, No 2, June, pp174-191Cannon, T. (1994), Vulnerability Analysis and the Explanation of ‘Natural’ Disasters, in:Varley, A (ed), Disasters, Development and Environment, pp 13-30, John Wiley & Sons,ChichesterDFID (1999), Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets 1.1 till 2.2, AprilHarwell, E.E. (2000), Remote Sensibilities: Discourses of Technology and the Making ofIndonesia’s Natural Disaster, in: Development & Change Vol 31 (2000), 307-340Heijmans, A and L. Victoria (2001), Citizenry-Based and Development-Oriented DisasterResponse; experience and practice in disaster management of the Citizens’ DisasterResponse Network in the Philippines, Center for Disaster Preparedness, Manila,PhilippinesIBON, 1998, Midyear Briefing, The Estrada Administration: coping with the economiccrisis, IBON Birdtalk, Manila, June 25IBON, 2000, San Roque Multi-Purpose Dam Project (SRMDP), Special Release, issue#57, DecemberLöfstedt, R & Frewer, L. (1998), Risk & Modern Society, Earthscan Publications, LondonMaxwell, D.G. 1996, Measuring food insecurity: the frequency and severity of “copingstrategies”, in: Food Policy: Vol 21, No 3, pp 291-303Mula, R.P. (1999), Coping with Mother Nature; Households’ Livelihood Security andCoping Strategies in a Situation of a Continuing Disaster in Tarlac, Philippines, PhDThesis WageningenSmith, K. (1996), Environmental Hazards, RoutledgeUNDP, (1991), Risk and priorities: comparative risk, in: Vulnerability and riskassessment, Disaster Management Training Program, pp 6-12United Nations IDNDR (International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction), 1992, StopDisasters, NewsletterWalker, P. (1989), Famine Early Warning Systems: Victims & Destitution, EarthscanDisaster Management Working Paper 4/2001Benfield Greig Hazard Research Centre16
‘Vulnerability’: A Matter of PerceptionYoung, E. (1998), Dealing with hazards and disasters: risk perception and communityparticipation in management, in: Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Vol 13,No2, pp 14-16i As of December 1997, the Philippine government has approved that 56,168.53 hectares of primeagricultural lands can be converted. In 1998 alone, 554,350 farmer households lost their primary source oflivelihood (IBON, 1998).ii According to the International Rivers Netwerk (IRN), roughly two million people are displaced yearly bylarge dams. In almost all case studies, the majority of people evicted are usually poor farmers andindigenous people (IBON, 2000).iii The term ‘development aggression’ has been in use among communities and the NGO-movement since1995, when the Philippines started to implement ‘development’ programs on a large scale. The Mining Actwas approved, the country prepared itself for the APEC meeting to be held in 1996, and it targeted to enablethe country to reach the status of a newly-industrialized country (NIC) by the year 2000.iv The ‘disaster pressure’ model is a very effective instrument to encourage local people to analyze theirconditions, to discover root causes of why they endure hardship and to mobilize them for action. It raisespeople’s awareness about the political origins of the disaster and their vulnerability.v It is necessary to distinguish between hazard-types, since each hazard has a particular impact on people’sresource base. River erosion, lahar flows and landslides affect people’s entitlement to land. Typhoons andfloods destroy mainly seasonal crops.vi The ‘D’ in the DNCA is not just material damage, but includes social and motivational ‘damage’ as well.Internal refugees, for example, displaced by armed conflict, might have lost their homes, crops, livelihoodand access to their land, but more often they also experienced human rights violations and lost theirrelatives, resulting in trauma. Likewise, not only physical needs, like food and clothing, are identified, butalso support like psycho-social assistance, advocacy, fact-finding missions, public information campaigns,education on human rights, etc.vii Vulnerability assessments conducted in different communities and countries, and involving differenthazard types, reveal how universal root causes at the global and national levels are channeled throughdynamic pressures into particular location specific unsafe conditions (ADPC, 2000).Disaster Management Working Paper 4/2001Benfield Greig Hazard Research Centre17
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