Cleaning and Custodial Services Guidelines - Workplace Safety and ...

Published in July 2009 by the Workplace Safetyand Health Council in collaboration with theMinistry of Manpower and the National TradesUnion Congress.This guideline is co-developed by the tripartiteWorkgroup for Cleaning and Custodial Services.All rights reserved. This publication may not bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, in whole or in part, without prior writtenpermission. The information provided in thispublication is accurate as at time of printing. Allcases shared in this publication are meant forlearning purposes only. The learning points foreach case are not exhaustive and should not betaken to encapsulate all the responsibilities andobligations of the user of this publication underthe law. The Workplace Safety and Health Councildoes not accept any liability or responsibility to anyparty for losses or damage arising from followingthis publication.In collaboration withWorkplace Safety & Health Guidelines Cleaning and Custodial ServicesWorkplace Safety & HealthGuidelinesCleaning and Custodial Services

Contents1. Preface1. Preface2. Duties under the Workplace Safety and Health Act3. Risk Assessment124ScopeThis guideline serves as a workplace safety and health resource for workers, supervisors andkey stakeholders who provide or manage cleaning and custodial services in housing estates.It provides safety and health information, guidance on the identification of work hazards andthe preventive measures that can be taken. For the handling of hazards specific to other workenvironment / industries, readers should refer to other relevant technical advisories, guidelinesor materials where available.4. Hazards in Cleaning and Custodial Services5. Workplace Safety and Health Management Programme6. Useful References7. Acknowledgments7324446IntroductionThe cleaning and custodial services industry plays a very important role in creating clean,comfortable and hygienic living spaces for the community. Everyday, workers carry out workactivities such as sweeping, mopping, washing, rubbish collection and disposal, cleaning ofgeneral areas, waste collection, disposal of old furniture, etc.In the course of their work, they are exposed to many occupational hazards such aschemicals, loud noise, high temperatures, sharp objects, slippery floors and awkward workpostures. Potential accidents include falls from height; slips, trips and falls; crush injuries; cuts;electrocution; burns, etc. Such accidents may affect both the cleaners as well as members ofpublic, with the potential of resulting in the loss of life and property.8. Annexes481

2. Duties under the Workplace Safetyand Health ActThe Workplace Safety and Health ActThe Workplace Safety and Health Act (WSH Act) is targeted at cultivating good safety habitsand practices in all individuals at the workplace – from top management to the last worker.It requires every person at the workplace to take reasonably practicable steps to ensure thesafety and health of every worker at the workplace.A workplace includes any premises where people carry out work. In general, persons who haveduties and responsibilities under the WSH Act are listed below:Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the safety andhealth of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may beaffected by their work. This includes:• Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplace;• Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at work;• Ensuring safety in machinery, equipment, plant, articles, substances and work processes atthe workplace;• Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies;• Providing workers with adequate instruction, information, training and supervision.Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable,the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person within those premises,whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier:• The workplace;• All entrances to or exits from the workplace; and• Any machinery, equipment, plant, article or substance kept on the workplace.The occupier is responsible for the common areas used by employees and contractors. Inparticular, the following items:• Hoists and lifts, lifting gear, lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the commonarea;• Means of entry to or exit from the common area; and• Any machinery or plant located in the common area.Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that anymachinery, equipment or substances provided are safe for use:• Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery, equipment or hazardoussubstances;• Ensure that the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use;• Ensure that the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance has been tested andexamined so that it is safe for use.Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure, so far as is reasonablypracticable, the machinery or equipment erected, installed or modified is safe and withouthealth risks when properly used.Duties of an EmployeeIt is the duty of every person at work:• To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplace.• To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not endangeroneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safety devices orundertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personal protective equipments.Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures, so far as is reasonably practicable,to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or his own employees.PenaltiesThe WSH Act states a general maximum penalty for offences. An individual first-time offendercan face a maximum fine of up to $200,000 or a jail term of two years or both. A corporate bodythat is a first-time offender can face a maximum fine of up to $500,000. For more informationof the penalties of offences, refer to Annex A.Everyone has an obligation to ensure workplace safety. Getting every worker home safely atthe end of the day does not only depend on the effort of one individual, but is the result of allstakeholders working together.For more information on the Workplace Safety and Health Act, refer to the Ministry ofManpower, website at www.mom.gov.sg.2 3

3. Risk AssessmentRisk assessments should be conducted by a team of persons who have a thorough knowledgeof the work that is planned to be carried out. Team members should include management staff,process or facility engineers, technical personnel, supervisors, workers and safety personnel ifavailable.The team leader should have undergone training in risk assessment. Alternatively, a safetyconsultant trained in job safety analysis and risk management and who has experience in riskassessment can be engaged to assist in the conduct of the risk assessment. The risk assessmentteam should also include contractor/supplier personnel who are involved with the work,whenever necessary.1. Carry out risk assessment before starting work, to identify hazards associated with thework.2. Assess risks based on:• The likelihood of accidents occurring as a result of hazards; and• The severity of the consequences, should the accident occur.3. Take appropriate risk control measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risk, followingthe hierarchy of control.4. Review risk assessments periodically.5. Communicating these risks to all persons involved.1Preparation> Form RA Team> Gather relevantinformation2HazardIdentification> Identify hazards> Identifypotentialaccidentsincidents3RiskEvaluation> Estimate risklevels basedon identifiedhazards> Prioritise thehazards to becontrolledRisk Assessment (RA)Communication4Risk Control> Formulate controlmeasures accordingto the Hierarchy ofControls:• Elimination• Substitution• Engineeringcontrols• Administrativecontrols• Personal protectiveequipment> Analyse and evaluateresidual risk5RecordKeeping> Keep riskassessmentreports for atleast 3 years6Implementationand Review> Review riskassessments:• Once every 3years;• Whenever newinformationon WSH riskssurfaces;• When there arechanges to workprocesses and /or;• After anyaccident /incidentIt is essential for risks to be eliminated or reduced “at source”. If a risk cannot be controlledcompletely by engineering measures, it is necessary to protect the employees by administrativecontrol or personal protection.The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following the Hierarchyof Control Measures below. These control measures are not usually mutually exclusive e.g.engineering controls can be implemented together with administrative controls like trainingand safe work procedures.SafeDesignELIMINATIONSUBSTITUTIONENGINEERING CONTROLSADMINISTRATIVEPERSONALPROTECTIONEQUIPMENT(PPE)SafeWorker SafeWorkerEliminationElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectively makingall the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible.This is a permanent solution and should be attempted in the first instance. If the hazard isremoved, all the other management controls, such as workplace monitoring and surveillance,training, safety auditing, and record keeping will no longer be required.Example : Eliminate the use of highly toxic cleaning chemicals.SubstitutionThis involves replacing the hazard by one that presents a lower risk.Examples: A water-based paint can be used instead of a solvent-based paint. Cooking oil canbe used to remove paint stains on skin instead of thinner.4 5

Engineering ControlsEngineering controls are physical means that limit the hazard. These include structural changesto the work environment or work processes.Example: Use powered spray gun for cleaning of floor.4. Hazards in Cleaning and CustodialServicesAdministrative ControlsThese reduce or eliminate exposure to a hazard by adherence to procedures or instructions.Documentation should emphasise all the steps to be taken and the controls to be used incarrying out the activity safely.Example: Implementation of permit-to-work systems; scheduling of incompatible works; WSHtraining; reduced work hours.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)This should be used only as a last resort, after all other control measures have been considered,or as a short term contingency during maintenance/repair or as an additional protectivemeasure.The success of this control is dependent on the type of protective equipment chosen, correctusage by employees, correct fit and usage at all times when required.The employer must also ensure that the employees are properly trained on the handling andusage of PPE. He must also ensure that all PPE are properly maintained and fitted for use atall times.Work with the PPE suppliers, to select the correct type of PPE and to train employees on correctusage and maintenance of the PPE.Workers involved in cleaning and custodial services are exposed to a variety of hazardseveryday. These hazards can cause immediate injuries or lead to chronic and painful conditions,requiring long-term treatment, incurring huge medical expenses. In some unfortunate cases,death may result.Some of the common hazards that workers are exposed to include:- Hazardous chemicals: detergents, cement removing solutions, bleach;- Slippery surfaces: wet floor during cleaning of toilets and general areas;- Obstructions: boxes, flower pots;- Working at height: while accessing high areas on ladders;- Awkward postures: during cleaning of hard to reach areas, during mopping, lifting, clearingweeds;- Heavy loads: during disposal of old furniture, pushing heavy push carts, emptying rubbishinto bulk bins;- Biological hazards: communicable diseases - Influenza A (H1N1) or Severe Acute RespiratorySyndrome (SARS);- Electrical hazards: working with electrical equipment;- Heat: when working outdoors or poorly ventilated areas;- Loud noise: when using water jet cleaners, blower.For more information on risk assessment, please refer to the Guidelines on RiskAssessment available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.Recognising Unsafe ActsWorkers should be encouraged to report unsafe acts so as to prevent accidents, injuries and illhealth.A system should be established to encourage workers to report unsafe acts or providefeedback.Recognising Work-related Injuries and DiseasesWork-related injuries and diseases can be prevented; early recognition and intervention is vital.Workers should be informed and encouraged to report any work related injuries. Supervisorsand management staff should be trained to identify symptoms of work related injuries andinvestigate to determine the underlying causes so that correct and effective preventivemeasures can be taken.For a sample of risk assessment for some common activities like sweeping, mopping, etc., please refer to Annex B.6 7

Common Injuries in Cleaning and Custodial ServicesWork-related Musculoskeletal InjuriesA musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) affects the muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves. Manyof these injuries are the result of work involving exposure to awkward postures, repetitivemovements, prolonged hours of work and handling of heavy loads. Carrying out the goodwork practices recommended in this technical advisory can help to prevent work-related MSDin workers.Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD)Which parts of the body are commonly affected?- Neck- Back- Shoulders- Arms- Elbows- Wrists/hands/fingers- KneesWhat are the signs and symptoms?- Pain- Numbness- Tingling sensation- Weakness- Stiffness of jointsWhat are the factors that increase the risk of MSD?- Repetitive and heavy lifting- Bending and twisting- Repeating an action too frequently- Uncomfortable working position- Exerting too much force- Exerting a force in a static position for extended periods of time- Working too long without breaks- Adverse working environment (e.g. hot, cold)- Psychosocial factorsSlips, Trips and FallsMany workplace injuries also result from workers slipping on slippery floors, tripping overphysical obstructions or falling from height. Factors which increase this risk include insufficientlighting, poor housekeeping, wet and slippery floors, lack of guardrails or handrails on platformsor staircases, unsafe use of ladders and carelessness. Proper personal protection equipmentsuch as safety shoes/boots can protect the worker from slips as well as other hazards, suchas foot injury, skin damage and skin injury due to prolonged contact with water and soap.Footwear such as boots should be cleaned regularly and changed if they are damaged so as tominimise the risk of fungal infection.Preventing Slips, Trips and Falls• Encourage workers to report poor lighting.• Keep floors and stairs dry and clean.• Ensure carpets and rugs are free of holes and loose edges.• Hang power cords over aisles or work areas to prevent tripping accidents.• Use anti-slip flooring or non-slip working shoes.• Place signs to warn of slippery surfaces.• Hold onto handrails when climbing stairs or slopes.• Keep work area neat - do not leave materials and boxes lying haphazardly around.• Install guardrails on elevated platforms to prevent falls. Where physical guardsare not feasible, provide alternatives like safety harnesses anchored to a lifeline oranchorage point.4.1 MoppingEquipment SelectionBuckets should have:• Low, wide stable base;• Large castors (wheels); at least four;• Moulded hand grips;• Large openings;• Separate compartments for clean and dirty water; and• Lightweight wringers which are attached to the mop bucket and which makes use of theuser’s body weight to function.What should workers do?Workers should be encouraged to report such injuries to their supervisors as soon aspossible.8 9

Mops should have:• Mop heads that do not readily shed loose threads;smaller mop heads preferred as they are lighterwhen wet, and easier to squeeze;• Telescopic handles for easy adjustment; to adjustlength of the handle to the height of the user’sforehead to reduce bending; and• Handles which are padded to cushion and improvethe user’s grip.Wringing a mop (Figure 4.1.3 & Figure 4.1.4)• Bend knees and keep back straight when pressingthe mop wringer down.• Use body weight to press down on the lever.• Wring mop at waist level.• Use a mop bucket which is raised off the floor toreduce the bending force required to wring out thewater.Gloves should be:• Of an impervious material e.g. plastic or rubber.Cotton gloves may be worn inside for addedcomfort; and• Of correct size and fit.Figure 4.1.1: Bending the back whenmopping can result in unnecessarystrain to the lower back.Mopping (Figure 4.2.1 & Figure 4.2.2)• Alternate right and left hands at the top of the mophandle.• Maintain a straight back.• Avoid extreme wrist motions e.g. excessive bendingof wrists.• Use neutral body/shoulder position.• Avoid extreme reaches to the right and left and avoidtwisting.• Take the mop for a ‘walk’;- Walking the mop uses far less upper bodymotion.- Use legs to generate force by stepping or shiftingbody weight.- Keep arms close to the body so as to stabilisethe shoulders. Electrical cleaning machines canbe used to help clean the floor ergonomically.Refer to the chapter on “Handling ElectricalEquipment” for more information on hazardsassociated with the use of such machines.Figure 4.1.4: Use a mop bucket.Wring mop at waist level and do notbend the back when squeezing outthe water.Footwear should be:• Non-slip, to prevent slipping on the wet surfaces.Sign boards should be placed at appropriate locationsto warn passers-by of slippery floor conditions duringmopping.Recommended Work PracticesWhen mopping, only half of the passageway should bemopped, so as to provide a dry passage for passers-by towalk through the area safely. Allow the first half of thepassageway to dry before starting to mop on the secondhalf. Mopping should be done such that the workermoves away from the wetted area and does not need tostep onto it (Figure 4.1.1 & Figure 4.1.2).Figure 4.1.2: Maintain a straightback. Wear impervious glovesand non-slip safety boots. Putup adequate warning signs towarn passers-by of slippery floorconditions.Figure 4.2.1: Avoid awkwardpostures such as lifting the armabove shoulder height. Mop handlesshould be of the appropriate length.A mop can weigh up to 11 kilograms when soaking wet.Wet mopping can cause significant contact stress overthe hand and wrist. It also results in unnecessary strainto the lower back.Figure 4.1.3: Wringing mop aboveshoulder level should be avoided.4.2 SweepingSweeping of floors may involve awkward wrist positionsand prolonged contact pressure on hands. Also, the backand neck are often kept in an awkward forward bentposture.Figure 4.2.2: Avoid overextending tothe right and left.Figure 4.2.3: Do not bend the back.Use tools that allow the user toremain upright.10 11

Equipment Selection• Lightweight brooms and stand up dustpans.• Long-handled tongs for picking up debris.• Plastic or rubber gloves with thin cotton glove inside.• Non-slip covered shoes.Recommended Work PracticesSweeping (Figure 4.2.3 & Figure 4.2.4)• Stand upright when sweeping.• Alternate right and left hands at the top of the broomhandle.• Do not bend the back.• Use gloved hands or tongs when picking up debris.Sweeping staircasesProper posture should be adopted to preventmusculoskeletal injuries. Care should be taken to preventfalling backwards (Figure 4.2.5 & Figure 4.2.6):Figure 4.2.4: Bend at the knees andnot the back when removing weedswhile sweeping. Use a tong whenpicking up debris or wear gloves(cotton and plastic).Sweeping canopy and link way roofProper and safe access should be provided for accessing the top of a canopy or link way roof.If a ladder is used and there is no way of securing it, it should be supported by another personto provide additional stability.Important Tips• Ensure that the ladder is of sound construction.• A ladder should be supported by another person when climbing is done.• Access the ladder with both hands free of any tools.• Maintain 3-point (e.g. 2 feet and one hand or 2 hands and one foot) contact with theladder when climbing.• Hoist up the hand tools after the worker had climbed up.• Workers should be instructed to avoid going near an open side.• Workers should wear a safety belt when necessary – this is to prevent them fromaccidentally reaching open sides.• Workers should be instructed to avoid working at such locations during poorweather.Figure 4.2.5: Wrong standingposition can result in a fall.4.3 Wiping and DustingEquipment Selection• Cloth used should be large enough to be efficient but not too big such that squeezing outexcess water takes no more than two squeezing motions.• Lightweight long-handled mops or squeegees should be used for cleaning smooth verticalsurfaces and hard to reach areas.• Step ladder which is stable and sturdy in construction to gain access to height.• Impervious gloves e.g. rubber or plastic; of the correct size and length. Wear a layer ofcotton glove inside for added comfort.Figure 4.2.6: Adopt a stable position.Important Tips• Adopt a stable position before commencing work.• Descend down the steps slowly.• Always look behind before descending.12 13

Recommended Work PracticesCleaning notice boards (Figure 4.3.4 & Figure 4.3.5):Wringing a clothCleaning letter binsThe twisting force of the wringing action gets out morewater than a simple squeeze, but this can cause wristinjury when done repetitively. To avoid injury, hold onehand above the other to produce a squeezing action –this allows both wrist joints to be in a straight neutralposition.Wiping horizontal/vertical surfaces• Use effective cleaning products and let the cleaningproducts do the work.• Divide the work into sections to allow task rotation.• Alternate arms to reduce muscle fatigue.Cleaning lift walls (Figure 4.3.1 & Figure 4.3.2)• Stand upright and use a lightweight long-handledmop or squeegee.• Adjust the length of a telescopic handle to minimiseawkward bending and overreaching.• Alternate hands to avoid fatigue.Figure 4.3.1: Avoid overextending,and working above shoulder height.Figure 4.3.2: Attach a long handledpole to a piece of cloth to clean hardto reach places.• Reaching up while cleaning for long periods oftime requires awkward and fixed positions of thearms, shoulders and neck. This task can lead to pain,stiffness in the neck, shoulders, arms and upper neck.• The reach of workers can be extended by usingcleaning/dusting tools with telescoping handles orstanding on step ladders.Cleaning/dusting high places• Keep elbows close to the body to minimise overreaching.• Use lightweight tools with telescoping handles andbendable necks.• Bend the neck of the handle to align it with thesurface to be cleaned.• Extend the telescopic handle and step back from thewall to improve neck posture.• Use step ladders.Figure 4.3.4: Avoid bending the bodyawkwardly.• Use the legs, not just the arms to generate force.• For over-the-shoulder activities:- Limit time spent in this position.- Allow for more frequent work breaks.- Rotate tasks regularly to change the physicaldemands.Figure 4.3.5: Bend knees to squatand clean.Important TipsWorkers must be instructed to work within their reach.Important TipsWhen using telescopic cleaning tools:• Keep hands in front and between shoulders;• Try to keep elbows below shoulder level;• Hold the tool across the body while walking forward to minimise arm movements;and• Workers can use the tool to clean higher locations by walking forward and cleanlower locations by walking backwards.14 15

4.4 Disposal of RefuseEquipment Selection• Impervious gloves which provide good grip andpreferably prevent sharps injury. Wear thin cottongloves inside for added comfort.• Activated charcoal face masks to reduce the user’sdiscomfort from foul smells.• Non-slip safety shoes or boots.• Long-handled tongs for picking up debris.Recommended Work PracticesEmptying litter bins (Figure 4.4.1, Figure 4.4.2 & Figure4.4.3)• Check the weight of the bin by pushing or tilting it.• Look over the contents of the bin for sharp points orprotrusions and avoid touching the contents of thebins.• Use proper lifting technique. Bend knees and keepthe back straight when picking up or loweringlitterbins.• Change hands to pick up and lower litterbins.• Keep fingers away from falling objects whileemptying litter from litterbins.• Empty litter bins frequently to avoid accumulation,which can result in heavy loads.Figure 4.4.1: Keep the back straight.Use two hands to lift the bin cover.Figure 4.4.2: Keep the spine straightand use long-handled tongs toremove litter from within litterbin.Pushing bin cart to bin centreOverloading the bin cart means greater force is neededto push it, particularly if going upslope. Also, ensure thatmaterials are evenly distributed around the bin cart toincrease stability. Unstable bin carts can easily topplewhen pushed over uneven surfaces, such as over roadhumps or uneven roads (Figure 4.4.4 & Figure 4.4.5).• The bin cart should be stocked only with tools andmaterials that will be needed.• The bin cart should be slowed down when it is rolledover road humps or uneven road surfaces.• Routes where there is the need to push the bin cartupslope should be avoided.Figure 4.4.4: Avoid clutter andunnecessary load on the cleaner bythrowing away rubbish.Figure 4.4.5: A multiple-use handcart reduces the need for lifting andrequires less force in pushing.Important TipsWorkers should be instructed not to stop bin carts that tip over – this is to preventstraining.Figure 4.4.3: Keep the back straight.Position the litterbin onto the bincart before emptying the contents.16 17

Emptying refuse chutes (Figure 4.4.6 & Figure 4.4.7)• Workers should always seek assistance from a coworker.• A visual check of the contents of the bin should beconducted, for sharp points or protrusions.• The contents of the bins should not be touched.• Grasp the lip around the rim of the refuse chute; use2 hands if the chute is heavy and avoid bending ofthe wrists.• The refuse chute must be positioned on the bulk binbefore the contents are emptied.• The bulk bin should not be overloaded.Figure 4.4.6: Bend knees and withthe back straight, lift the load with agood grip and keep the load close tothe body. Do not lift and twist.Hard Hats/Helmets for Head ProtectionHead injuries may arise while maneuvering inside a pump room, water tank, where there maybe low lying pipes. Hard hats/helmets are needed to protect the head while accessing suchareas and when there is a danger of being struck by falling objects. Care, proper maintenanceand usage of the hard hats/helmets are crucial to ensure adequate protection.In addition, workers are at risk of being struck by falling objects when working near the sidesof buildings. Workers can also be injured by being struck by rubbish falling down the rubbishchute. Thus, it is strongly encouraged that all workers, when disposing rubbish at the rubbishchute, wear the hard hats/helmets to prevent head injuries.4.5 Handling Electrical EquipmentUsing the correct equipment can make work less physically demanding and reduce aches andpain. However, it can result in injuries to the workers and people around the work area, ifworkers are not trained on how to use and operate the equipment correctly and safely.Transport of Refuse/Lifting of DumpstersUse a mechanised bulk bin dumpster, if available, tosave time, increase efficiency and to avoid the need formanual lifting (Figure 4.4.8).Figure 4.4.7: Keep the back straightduring emptying and avoid liftsabove the shoulder level.Important TipsWorkers must check the weight of refuse bins. They must not lift them if they are tooheavy!Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment andappliances. When work is carried out with an electric powered tool or electrical equipment,the worker is exposed to potential electrical hazard. An accident involving electricity cancause a range of injuries including electric shock, electrical burns and death.Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they are designed andmanufactured to acceptable electrical standards and codes, and if they have been maintainedand kept in good condition. Most electrical appliances are built with safeguards to preventany over current or earth leakage from reaching a level dangerous enough to injure a person.It is important that such safeguards are checked regularly to provide the necessary protection.Another common source of electrical hazard is electrical installations. Electrical installationsmust be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5: Code of Practice for ElectricalInstallations. Such installations as well as repairs, maintenance and inspections should alwaysbe carried out by the electrical workers licensed by the Energy Market Authority.Figure 4.4.8: Always transport refuseto the dump site using a batteryoperatedcar.Important TipsAlways mechanise where possible to avoid the need for manual handling of heavy loads.18 19

Important TipsAll electrical equipment can cause electrocution. Electrical equipment must be inspecteddaily before use.Conduct visual inspection to detect the following:- Improper wiring;- Exposed electrical parts or wiring;- Damaged or charred insulation;- Overloading of circuit from plugging too many appliances on the same source (mainsocket); and- Connections in contact with water.Ensure that electrical installations are in accordance with Singapore Standard CP 5: Codeof Practice for Electrical Installations.Ensure that all installations, repairs, maintenance and inspections are carried out byelectrical workers licensed by Energy Market Authority.Mechanical scrubber (Figure 4.4.10)The use of a scrubber eliminates the need for cleanersto manually scrub tiles. Cleaners should wear imperviousboots and gloves while carrying out the work and, wearear plugs, if it is noisy.Figure 4.4.10: Mechanical scrubber.Important Tips• Containment trays are to be used when pouring chemicals.• Workers must wear non-slip rubber boots.• Put up warning signs.• Cordon the area that needs to be cleaned to prevent slips and trips.• Control the scrubbing machine close to your body. Arrange the wire properly andplace it at the side.• Maintain and service the equipment regularly.Common Types of Electrical EquipmentMechanical sweeper (Figure 4.4.9)This equipment picks up waste through the exhausthood at the side and deposits it into a bag. No humanintervention is required except to empty the bag whenit is full. However, the operator must be trained inoperating the sweeper. As this is also driven on publicroads, the operator has to observe traffic rules and beconsistently aware of the surroundings.Below are good practices to observe when operating thesweeper:• Ensure that the operator is properly trained;• Check equipment everyday before operating it;• Do not speed;• Observe traffic rules when travelling on public roads;• Check behind for any persons when reversing;• Operate according to manufacturer’s specifications;• Maintain the equipment regularly;• Do not improvise or modify equipment;• Wear safety belt when driving the equipment;• If noisy, wear ear plugs.Figure 4.4.9: Mechanical sweeper.Pressurised washing using spray jet (Figure 4.4.11 &Figure 4.4.12)The use of pressurised washing helps to shortencleaning work. Pressurised water jets, used to providehigh pressure water to clean the floor, can becomedangerous should the operator lose control of the jet.This may result in injury to the operator or others withinthe cleaning area. Precautious must be taken againstsudden surge of water when the motor powering thespray gun is switched on. It is a good practice to turn offthe motor when it is not in use.Figure 4.4.11: Put on personalprotective equipment.When washing, the spray jet operator should wear thefollowing protective gear:• Non-slip rubber boots and impervious gloves;• A suitable face shield or safety glasses to protect theeyes; and• Ear plugs if it is noisy.Figure 4.4.12: Wear non-slip rubberboots and impervious gloves, safetygoggles and ear plugs.20 21

Important TipsThe following practices can ensure safe operations during the use of pressurisedwashing.• Cordon area during washing to prevent slips and falls.• Ensure electrical cables are not lying on a wet floor.• Handle the pressure jet carefully.• Beware of back pressure when the motor is turned on.• Point the pressure jet gun away from the feet during washing.• Plan the route of travel of the water jet.• Turn off the spray gun when not in use.• Do not entangle the water hose.• Look out for members of public while cleaning.• Switch off the machine and turn off the water supply immediately after washing.• Workers should not use the spray gun to clean themselves.Battery Operated Cart (BOC)Battery Operated Cart (BOC) is a common vehicle used to ferry the rubbish bins to and fromthe rubbish chutes and the rubbish collection centre. The BOC increases efficiency andproductivity. It is useful for the removal of big and bulky items such as discarded furniture.However, cleaners must be adequately trained to operate the equipment.Important Tips• Ensure that cleaners are trained before operating the BOC.• Check that head lights, signals, hazard lights and brakes are working properly beforeuse.• All items placed on the BOC must be secured to prevent them falling off.• Rubbish bins must be covered with a canvas sheet.• Cleaners must be trained and instructed to drive safely.• No speeding should be allowed.• Always give way to members of public.• The BOC must only be operated within the estate apron area and pavement only.• Ensure that BOC is maintained regularly to remain serviceable.• Ensure that the external structure of BOC is made of sound material and is of goodconstruction.4.6 Handling ChemicalsWorkers are exposed to many hazardous chemicals. Many common cleaning products (glasscleaner, floor finish, metal polish, detergents, and disinfectants) contain solvents and corrosive/caustic agents. Direct skin contact with some of these chemicals can cause burns or allergy.Prolonged contact can cause skin rashes due to irritation. Chemical spills or splashes can causedamage to the eyes and may lead to blindness. Volatile chemicals such as solvents, if inhaled,can cause drowsiness and even poisoning. Irritating vapours can cause coughing, breathingproblems and occupational asthma. High concentrations of harmful vapours or gases canaccumulate particularly in poorly ventilated or confined areas. It is therefore importantfor workers to be aware of the hazards and to adopt safe work practices to avoid chemicalexposure.Common Chemical HazardsTake the necessary precautionary measures to protectagainst chemical hazards (Figure 4.6.1) :• Know about the chemicals used by reading theSafety Data Sheets (SDS);• Read the labels on chemical containers;• To prevent breathing in the chemicals, wearappropriate masks, check the relevant SDS forselecting the correct type of masks;• To prevent skin absorption or contact:- Wear gloves, safety glasses/goggles andappropriate personal protective equipment at alltimes when handling chemicals;- Check the SDS for correct type of material forgloves, shoes, sleeves; and- Wash immediately after contact with anychemical.• To prevent accidental ingestion, good personalhygiene must be practiced. Workers must beinstructed not to eat, drink or smoke when hands aredirty; and• Ensure that all persons handling chemicals followsafe work procedures to protect themselves.Figure 4.6.1: Ensure that workersknow their chemicals and areprovided with the correct personalprotective equipment when doingtheir work.22 23

Workers should be protected by blocking entry of chemicals into the body or preventing directcontact with chemicals.Understanding LabelsTo interpret the labels, refer to the table below for more information.GHSPictograms/SymbolsHazardExamples ofChemicalsPrecautions for SafeHandling and StorageInhalation Skin contact IngestionCorrosives• Can burn skin• Can damage oreat away metal,wood and othermaterials• Acids(hydrochloricacid, sulfuricacid)• Bases(ammoniumhydroxide,sodiumhydroxide)• Avoid skin contact• Protect eyes and face• Practise good personalhygiene• Store in proper containers• Keep containers in trays toavoid leaks• Keep corrosives awayfrom incompatible orflammable materials (e.g.separate organic acids frominorganic acids)Flammables• Catch fireat roomtemperature• Gases(hydrogen,acetylene)• Liquids(gasoline,thinner,alcohol)• Avoid ignition sources (e.g.flames, hot surfaces)• Avoid storage in bulk• Ventilate storage areasAcute toxicity(Severe)• Cyanide• Use mechanical or enclosedprocesses to avoid contact• Provide local exhaustventilation or dilutionventilation• Practise good personalhygiene (wash hands beforeeating and keep food anddrinks away from workareas)• Wear suitable personalprotective equipment (PPE)• Label containers• Avoid bulk storage1 Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are information sheets about chemical substances provided by chemical manufacturers orsuppliers. They contain information on the identity and properties of the chemical ingredients, their toxic or healtheffects, fire and explosion hazards, safety precautions and emergency procedures.24 25

GHSPictograms/SymbolsIrritantHazardExamples ofChemicals• Solvents• Cleaningagents• Lubricants• CoolantsPrecautions for SafeHandling and Storage• Use mechanical or enclosedprocesses to avoid contact• Provide local exhaustventilation or dilutionventilation• Practise good personalhygiene (wash hands beforeeating and keep food anddrinks away from workareas)• Wear suitable PPEsImportant TipsStorage• Every stored chemical should have a Safety Data Sheet (SDS).• Store flammables in steel cabinets away from naked flames and heat source.• Restrict access to hazardous chemical storage areas.• Ensure that all chemical containers are properly labelled.TrainingWorkers should be trained in:• Recognising safety and health hazards;• Preventive measures;• Safe handling of chemicals• Usage of suitable personal protective equipment (PPE); andCarcinogens• Cancer causing• Benzene• Asbestos• Arsenic• Substitute with lesshazardous chemicals• Use mechanical or enclosedprocesses to avoid contact• Emergency procedures.HandlingWorkers should:• Provide local exhaustventilation or dilutionventilation• Wear suitable PPEs• Wear appropriate PPE at all times when handling chemicals.• Not mix cleaning chemicals containing bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with an acid astoxic gases (chlorine) may be liberated.• Clean up any spillage on floors or surfaces immediately.Oxidizers• Substances thatgive off oxygenand react tocause fire orexplosion• Peroxide(organic andinorganic)• Nitric acid• Avoid incompatiblematerials (e.g. flammablematerials)• Avoid heat and ignitionsources (e.g. flames, hotsurfaces)• Go for medical examinations, if they are exposed to chemicals listed under theFactories (Medical Examinations) Regulations.Emergency measures• Provide emergency showers and eyewash where corrosives are handled.• Provide adequateventilation• Avoid bulk storage• Store at correct temperature• Provide trays for storageareas to contain spills4.7 Protection against Biological HazardsWhen conducting risk assessment, biological hazards and the risks they pose to workers mustbe considered.In the course of their work, workers can come into contact with biological hazards such assaliva and sputum. Workers may also be tasked to disinfect workplaces after communicablediseases e.g. chickenpox, hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), Influenza A (H1N1-2009) havebeen detected. Some surfaces which are likely to be contaminated include floor, door knobs,benches, tables and buttons in lifts.26 27

If the risk assessment indicates that workers may come into contact with biological hazardse.g. where suspected / known cases of communicable diseases have occured, additionalprotective measures must be put in place to safeguard their health.a) Use of personal protective equipment• Disposable impervious gloves.• Safety boots or shoes.• Disposable gowns.• Goggles: to prevent accidental hand contact to eyes and sphlases.• N95 mask.Correct Use of N95 Masks• Check for correct size.• Ensure proper fit (show diagram on fit-testing).• Do not touch N95 masks with contaminated hands as droplets from gloves can be asource of infection.• Discard and change when physically damaged.• Workers must inform their supervisor if they feel dizzy, experience difficulty inbreathing and skin irritation.• Gloves must be removed, discarded and replaced with a new pair if they get damagedor soiled.• All other disposable PPE must be removed and discarded after cleaning activities havebeen completed. Discarded items are to be securely sealed in a bag and labelled asbiohazard waste. Such bags are to be disposed as with other types of biohazard waste.• If used, goggles, boots, and shoes should be disinfected according to the manufacturer’srecommendations.b) Observance of good personal hygiene• After completion of cleaning or disinfection work in such areas and the PPE has beenremoved, workers must wash their hands immediately and throughly to minimise therisk of transmissionc) Informing supervisor if unwell• Workers that are assigned to such duties must also be informed of the symptoms ofinfection and they must be strongly encouraged to report to their supervisors if theydevelop symptoms. Symptoms may only develop after a few years, depending on thetype of disease.4.8 Working at HeightWorkers may need to work at height when carrying out cleaning work such as working onrooftops of covered link ways, clearing debris on gutters, checking gutters for mosquitobreeding and cleaning hard to reach surfaces.As far as reasonably practicable, work at height should be avoided.In Singapore, falls from height is one of the most common causes of workplace death. Workerscan potentially slip and fall from ladders, lose balance and fall if there is no barrier protection,trip and fall, fall through glass roof panes, etc. Employers should take all precautions to preventfalls.Questions to Ask Before Working at Height• Can work at height be avoided?• Has a plan been developed for the work?• Have hazards been identified and the risks managed?• Have appropriate fall protection measures been selected and implemented e.g. installingbarricades, selecting the most suitable equipment, etc.?• Have the workers involved been properly trained?• Has a buddy-system been put in place?• Has sufficient supervision been provided?• Have all precautionary measures been taken?• Have equipment been checked for defects?• If there is still a residual risk of fall, what are the measures in place to minimise the potentialinjury?Important Tips• Workers must be instructed and trained to recognise and not to step onto surfaceswhich cannot take a person’s weight. Accidents have occurred when workersstepped on glass panels, ceiling tiles and panels.• Barricade the surrounding area where the work is being carried out.• If eliminating or avoiding working at height is not possible, ensure provision ofadequate protection for workers such as guard railing, safety harness, and safetymesh erected around the work area.28 29

Common Work at Height EquipmentLadderA ladder is a commonly used piece of equipment for working at height. The ladder should bemaintained to ensure that it is in good working condition. Conduct a visual inspection beforeevery use. Only use ladders if there are no better means of access.Important Tips• Inspect the ladder before and after each use. Do not use defective ladders e.g. aladder with broken or missing rungs: loose hinges, or missing screws or bolts.• Make sure that:- Only one hand needs to be used for work;- Work can be reached easily;- The ladder is stable; and- It has a good hand hold.• Set ladders on a flat firm surface, using:- Slip-resistant feet;- Secure blocking; or- Use ties.• If the ladder cannot be secured, have a second person standing at the foot of theladder and holding it while in use.• Angle the ladder to minimise risk of outward slipping.• Extend ladders about 1m above the working platform to provide a handhold forworkers.• Position the ladder to reach the work area safely and do not climb or work off aladder unless it is possible to maintain holds onto the ladder during work.• Face the ladder when standing on it and when climbing up or down.• Keep the centre of the body within the side rails.• Ensure that another co-worker holds onto the ladder to stabilse the ladder.• Do not use the top platform of a stepladder unless it has special handholds.• Ensure stepladders are positioned on level ground and follow manufacturer’sinstructions for use.• Examine ladder regularly for defects.• Workers must be instructed not to attempt to repair defective ladders.LifelineSecuring a lifeline is critical for work at height so that workers can have a proper anchorage fortheir safety harness/safety belt. When a worker is required to carry out cleaning or maintenancework to the external façade of a building, a lifeline can be secured to a firm point of anchorage.This practice is encouraged to ensure the worker’s safety while working at height.ScaffoldScaffolds (fixed or mobile) can be used in areas where ladders are not suitable. Refer to theWSH (Scaffold) Regulations for more information on the erection and use of scaffolds.Mobile Elevated Work Platform (MEWP) - BoomliftA Mobile Elevated Work Platform (MEWP) offers greater protection to workers. The operatormust be trained to operate the machine competently. The provision of a supervisor is alsoimportant. This equipment can be manoeuvred to reach difficult areas.Mobile Elevated Work Platform (MEWP) - Scissor liftA scissor lift offers direct straight elevation of height but care must be taken to preventoverstretching of the body to the contact surface. Workers need to be competent and trainedto operate this equipment.30 31

5. Workplace Safety and HealthManagement ProgrammeEmployers are encouraged to develop and implement a comprehensive workplace safety andhealth (WSH) management programme to establish a safe and healthy working environment,so as to prevent workplace accidents and work-related illnesses. For wider acceptance,management and workers should work together to develop the programme.5.1 WSH Policy and OrganisationThe management’s commitment is important to ensure the success of a WSH managementprogramme. There should be a written policy which clearly states the management’scommitment and approach towards establishing a safe and healthy work environment. Thepolicy should state the organisation’s safety and health philosophy and structure, includingobjectives and goals to be achieved. It should spell out the duties and responsibilities of bothmanagement and staff. The written policy should be endorsed by the top management andcommunicated to all levels of staff, including sub-contractors.Management commitment can be demonstrated by:• Implementing WSH policies, programmes and training with top management support.• Establishing appropriate WSH performance goals throughout the organisation.• Organising and participating in WSH activities.• Giving recognition to WSH in work performance reviews.• Giving praise to employees who work safely and counselling those who do not.Responsibilities of Employer and EmployeeThe employer has a duty to ensure the safety and health of their staff and should take thelead in promoting WSH. WSH personnel should be appointed to advise management on allWSH matters and to assist in the implementation of WSH programmes. Employees shouldunderstand that safety and health is not just the responsibility of the employer, but that theytoo have a role to play.• Provide proper equipment including personal protective equipment.• Provide welfare facilities like rest areas.• Provide first aid boxes.• Document the WSH programme and keep records of all reported accidents, incidentsand diseases.Employees• Follow instructions and safe work procedures.• Attend WSH training.• Use the safety devices and personal protective equipment provided in the correctmanner.• Report accidents, incidents, diseases and any workplace hazards to the supervisor oremployer.• Suggest ways to improve the safety and health of the work.5.2 Risk ManagementRisk management is a key component to reduce risks at source. Under the WSH Act, riskmanagement duties are imposed on every employer, self-employed person and principal(including contractor and sub-contractor). These parties must take all reasonably practicablemeasures to ensure that the workplace is safe and without risks to every person within itspremise.The responsible parties must identify workplace hazards by reviewing both routine andnon-routine activities carried out by workers and the equipment used, assess the risks posedby the hazards and develop measures to control the hazards. Before implementation, it isadvisable to test the feasibility of the recommended measures. It is important to documentthe risk management process. The steps in a risk management exercise are summarised in theflowchart below:Select activities andequipment foranalysisIdentify thehazards involvedAssess the hazardsand risks involvedImplementmeasures to controlthe hazardsResponsibilities of Employers and EmployeesEmployer• Develop and implement an effective WSH programme.• Inform all staff of the workplace hazards and ensure that WSH rules, trainingschedules and safe work procedures are followed.• Provide adequate training.Refer to Chapter 3 for more information on Risk Assessment.Evaluateeffectiveness ofcontrol measuresand record findings32 33

Useful Guides for Risk Management• Guide to Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations.• Quick Guide to Risk Assessment.• Risk Assessment Guidelines.• Activity Based Risk Assessment Form.• Trade Based Risk Assessment Form.For more information on risk management, refer to the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.5.3 Safe Work ProceduresEmployers are encouraged to establish safe work procedures for the various types of workcarried out. Safe work procedures should be effectively communicated to all staff, duringorientation of new staff and at regular intervals for existing staff. Employers should establish asystem to ensure that existing safe work procedures are reviewed whenever new equipmentor processes are introduced or when there are changes to the operating procedures.5.4 Safety TrainingSafety training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safemanner. A system to identify the safety training needs for each level of staff is useful formaking training plans. Safety training for supervisors is particularly important as they haveto ensure that their workers work in a safe manner. Safety training can be incorporated intothe operational training of the staff. Such training can be carried out on-the-job, by trainedsupervisors, or by external trainers. Training records should be kept and training materialsreviewed whenever new equipment or processes are introduced or when there are changes tothe operating procedures.What should the safety training cover?- Risks associated with the work.- Workplace safety and health policies, safety measures and safe work procedures.- Proper usage of equipment and personal protective equipment.When should the safety training be conducted?• During orientation of new employees.• When new equipment or processes are introduced.• When staff are transferred to another department.• Periodically for existing staff.Target AudienceOperations Supervisory ManagerialFollow safe workpractices and risk controlproceduresParticipate inworkplace safety andhealth managementactivitiesFollow workplaceemergency responseproceduresInterpret workplacesafety and health policies,procedures andprogrammesEducate workers onworkplace safety andhealth policies,procedures andprogrammesImplement andcontrol workplace safetyand health managementprogrammesImplementworkplace riskmanagement programmesMaintain workplacerisk control measuresIdentifyresponsibilities under theWorkplace Safety andHealth Act (WSH Act)Establish andmaintain workplace safetyand health frameworkEstablish andevaluate workplace safetyand health system,policies, procedures andprogrammesEstablish workplacerisk managementproceduresRisk control measuresFor more information on workplace safety and health training, visit the SingaporeWorkforce Development Agency (WDA) website at www.wda.gov.sg.5.5 CommunicationGroup meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss safety and health issues and todisseminate safety and health information to staff, including contractors. Employers shouldprovide adequate facilities for such meetings.All staff should be encouraged to participate. Daily briefs and de-briefs (toolbox meeting) canserve as effective channels for conveying WSH messages and information.34 35

5.6 Employee ParticipationWorkplaces with 50 or more workers should form WSH committees with representationfrom management and employees. Details on the establishment of WSH committees andits function can be found in the Workplace Safety and Health (Workplace Safety and HealthCommittees) Regulations.Employers should encourage their employees to form WSH Innovation Teams. This will providethem with a channel to contribute ideas and solutions to make their workplace a safer andmore productive one.5.7 Accident, Incident and Disease Investigation andAnalysisEvery accident, incident or occupational disease occurring at the workplace should beinvestigated in order to identify the root cause so as to prevent similar occurrences in thefuture.A system should be established for reporting and investigating any work-related accident,incident or disease. Lessons learnt from the investigations should be communicated to relevantstaff. Accident statistics should be collected and analysed to identify problem areas and trends.Legal Requirement for Incident ReportingThere are legal requirements for the notification of work-related accidents andoccupational diseases to the Ministry of Manpower. For more information on incidentreporting refer to the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.Examples of Occupational Diseases Requiring Notification• Occupational skin disease.• Noise-induced deafness.• Repetitive strain disorders of the upper limb.• Occupational asthma.Useful References for Setting Up Safety Rules and Regulations• National OSH legislation and guidelines on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.• Relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice.• Overseas guidelines (see Reference Section).5.9 Safety PromotionEmployers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness, and to build astrong safety culture at the workplace.The following are some promotional activities that can be organised:• Participation in WSH talks, seminars and exhibitions;• Participation in the National WSH Campaign;• Participation in national WSH competitions e.g. Safety Starts with Me competition, WSHInnovation Awards;• Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at www.wshc.gov.sg;• Inclusion of WSH section in town council newsletters;• In-house poster competitions, quiz competitions, best WSH-conscious work teamcompetitions and WSH exhibitions.5.10 Evaluation, Selection and Control of ContractorsIt is common for respective managing agents (MA) and town councils to appoint contractorsfor certain jobs in their premises. The MA should establish a system to evaluate, select andcontrol contractors. Such a system allows the MA to assess contractors based on their safetypolicy and procedures, WSH performance records, WSH training and evidence of competencyrecords, before any work is awarded. The bizSAFE programme implemented by the WorkplaceSafety and Health Council (WSHC) provides a yardstick for the MAs and town councils to selectcontractors.For more information on bizSAFE, refer to the WSH Council website at www.wshc.gov.sg5.8 In-house WSH Rules and RegulationsA set of written WSH rules and regulations should be established for compliance by staffand contractors. These also serve as a reminder of their safety and health obligations andresponsibilities. Key legal requirements can be incorporated into these rules and regulations.More specific or detailed safety rules and regulations can be developed by each department.36 37

5.11 Safety InspectionMAs and town councils should establish an effective programme to carry out periodicinspections to identify potential hazards, unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace, aswell as to monitor any changes in the work processes. Please refer to the sample inspectionchecklist provided. Such inspections should involve both the management and employees.Findings from such inspections should be recorded and analysed. Recommendations andfollow-up actions should be properly documented. Employers are to ensure that the follow-upactions are adhered to.5.12 Maintenance ProgrammeAn effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (e.g. cleaningand lifting equipment) and tools used. This will help prevent accidents resulting from thefailure of such equipment and tools.The programme should include the establishment of a complete list of machinery andequipment used within the premises, inspection and maintenance schedules and records.There should also be a system for staff to report any defective or damaged tool or equipmentin the course of their work.Ear Plugs – Hearing ProtectionTo prevent hearing loss, a person should not be exposedto noise levels exceeding 85dBA for 8 hours a day orits equivalent. Where the permissible exposure level isexceeded, measures should be taken to reduce noiseexposure. Hearing protectors should be worn at alltimes when exposed to loud noise and they should beworn properly to ensure good fit. The hearing protectorsshould be washed with soap and water everyday to keepthem clean.The noise level in most cleaning and custodial workcan be controlled using ear plugs. Ear plugs are morecomfortable than ear muffs. Ear muffs are not neededunless the noise level exceeds 100 dB(A), where both earmuffs and ear plugs are to be worn (Figure 5.13.1 - Figure5.13.3).Figure 5.13.1: Disposable ear plugs.Figure 5.13.2: Reusable ear plugs.5.13 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established. Eachprogramme should specify the objectives, person-in-charge, component activities andfrequency.Examples of Occupational Health ProgrammesFigure 5.13.3: Ear muffs.HazardsExcessive noiseChemicals, radioactive material, blood,urine, faecesAwkward work postures, repetitive work,manual handlingProgrammeHearing Conservation ProgrammeManagement of Hazardous SubstancesProgrammeErgonomics ProgrammeNoise Control Solutions• Replace noisy machinery.• Locate noise sources away from hard walls or corners.• Isolate or enclose noise sources.• Construct suitable noise enclosures or barriers.• Line interior surfaces with sound absorbing materials.• Maintain machinery and equipment at regular intervals.• Wear ear plugs or ear muffs.• Turn down the volume of amplifiers.Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed for the various noise levels.38 39

Sound Pressure Level dB(A)Maximum Duration per Day85 8 hours88 4 hours91 2 hours94 1 hour97 30 minutes100 15 minutes103 7.5 minutes106 4 minutes109 2 minutes111 1 minuteUseful Guidelines for Controlling Noise Hazard• Guidelines on Industrial Noise and Vibration Control.• Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines.• A Guide for Noise Control in the Music Entertainment Industry.The above guidelines are available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.5.14 Emergency PreparednessThe establishment and effective implementation of an emergency response plan is crucial insaving lives and mitigating losses should an emergency situation arise.An Emergency Response Team should also be established, with the duties and responsibilitiesof each member clearly defined. Management should ensure that all staff are familiar withthe plan and procedures in the event of an emergency. Regular drills and exercises shouldtherefore be conducted. An evaluation of the drill performance should be carried out andlessons learnt used for improving the plan.What should be included in an Emergency Response Plan?• Procedures for the raising of alarm.• Procedures for the evacuation and rescue of victims.• Provision of the means of rescue and first aid.• Provision of a means of communication with the relevant government authorities andresponse agencies.Examples of an emergency situation:• Fire;• Failure/ collapse of structure;• Harmful gas leakage.5.15 Documentation and Review of ProgrammeThere should be a system for the documentation and regular review of the programme. Thisis to facilitate retrieval of relevant documents and to ensure that the programmes remainrelevant and effective. All revisions to the safety and health manual should be dated andendorsed by authorised personnel. Recommendations that result from such reviews shouldbe considered and implemented wherever possible.Sample Inspection ChecklistThe sample inspection checklist can be used when conducting regular safety inspections. Goover every aspect of the workplace to identify possible hazards, unsafe acts and conditions inthe workplace, as well as to monitor any changes in the work process.Floors and WalkwaysAre aisles clear of materials or equipment?Are main aisles at least 1.12 m wide?Are doorways clear of materials or equipment?Are carpets or tiles in good condition, free of tripping hazard?Are floors clean and free of oil or grease?Are floors kept dry?Stairs and LaddersAre ladders safe and in good condition?Are stairwells clear of materials and equipment?Are stairs and handrails in good condition?Are ladders and stairs provided with anti-slip strips?Electrical SafetyAre electrical wires in good condition?Is there clear access to electrical panels?Are proper plugs used?YesNoActionsto Take40 41

YesNoActionsto TakeYesNoActionsto TakeAre plugs, sockets, and switches in good condition?Are portable power tools and electrical equipment in goodcondition?Fire SafetyAre fire extinguishers clearly marked?Are fire extinguishers properly installed on walls?Have fire extinguishers been inspected within the last year?Are workers trained to use fire extinguishers?Are flammable liquids properly stored?Are smoke and fire alarms in place and properly maintained?Are emergency lights in working condition?Have sprinkler systems been inspected?Are emergency exits clear of materials or equipment?Are emergency exit signs working?Are emergency lighting units provided?Equipment and MachineryAre equipment and machinery maintained in good condition?Is machinery securely guarded?Are operators properly trained?Are switches clearly marked and easy to reach?Is a lockout procedure in place?Is there enough work space?Are noise levels controlled?ChemicalsAre Safety Data Sheets(SDSs) provided for all chemicals?Are workers trained in identification of the hazards and thepreventive measures to observe?Are relevant personal protective equipment provided?Are containers clearly labelled?Are chemicals properly stored?Are hazardous materials disposed of properly?Are there procedures for chemical spills?First AidIs the first aid box accessible and clearly labelled?Is the first aid box adequate and complete?Are emergency numbers displayed?Are there trained first aiders?Personal Protective EquipmentDo workers know where to find personal protectiveequipment?• Eye/face protection • Aprons• Boots• Helmets• Gloves• Ear plug• Aprons42 43

6. Useful References D. Singapore Standards, Productivity and InnovationBoard (SPRING)• Singapore Standards CP92: 2002 Code of Practice for Manual HandlingA. Ministry of Manpower - Occupational Safetyand Health DivisionLegislation:The following legislation is available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.• The Workplace Safety and Health Act• The Workplace Safety and Health Subsidiary Legislation• Factories Subsidiary LegislationsGuides to managing workplace hazard:The following guides are available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.• Safety Circular on Lock-out Procedures (2000)• Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures (2000)• Safety Circular on Electrical Safety• Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)• Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studies• Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)• Guidelines on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)• Guidelines on Solvent Management in Dry Cleaning (2000)• Guidelines on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)• Singapore Standards CP76: 1999 Code of Practice for Selection, Use, Care and Maintenanceof Hearing Protection• Singapore Standards. SS506ContactFor further enquiries, please email us at Work Safety Health Council, contact@wsh.gov.sg.To report accidents, dangerous occurrences and occupational diseases, visit:www.mom.gov.sg/ireport.B. Workplace Safety and Health CouncilThe following guides are available on the WSH Council website at www.wshc.gov.sg.• Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environment• Technical Advisory for Falling from HeightC. Singapore Workforce Skills QualificationsFor more information visit the Singapore Workforce Development Agency (WDA) or www.wda.gov.sg.44 45

7. AcknowledgementsEM Services Pte Ltd• Mr Yeo Jin Kiat, Property ManagerJurong Town Council / United PREMAS Limited• Mr Kam Teck Kwong, Deputy General ManagerContributorsMinistry of ManpowerOccupational Safety and Health Division• Dr Gan Siok Lin, Senior Specialist, Occupational Medicine• Dr Sylvia Teo, Senior Specialist, Occupational Medicine• Mr Ivan Goh, Specialist (Safety Engineering)Workplace Safety and Health Council• Er. Tan Kee Chong, Senior Assistant Director (Practices and Information)• Moon Loh, Manager (WSH Practices)• Morris Hiang, Assistant Manager (WSH Practices)Sembcorp Environment Pte Ltd• Mr Milton Ng, Senior Vice President (GM Office)• Mr Daman Yeo, Assistant Training ManagerAll pictures used for illustrative purposes in the Guideline are reproduced with the courtesy of:• Ban Chuan Trading & Engineering Pte Ltd• Aljunied Town Council• CPG Facilities Management Pte LtdNTUC Quality Worklife• Mr Yeo Guat Kwang, Alignment Director• Ms Celia Yip, Principal ExecutiveBuilding Construction and Timber Industries Employees’ Union• Ms Jennie Yeo, Deputy Executive Secretary• Mr Edmund Ng, Principal Industrial Relations OfficerBishan – Toa Payoh Town Council• Mr Dennis Foo Hee Seng, Deputy General ManagerCPG Facilities Management Pte Ltd• Mr Jeffrey Chua, Managing Director• Mr Lee Kok Tai, Senior Property Manager46 47

8. AnnexesAnnex BSample Risk Assessment for Common Activities Risk Assessment FormCompany: ABC Cleaning Company Conducted by:Process/Location:Cleaning Department(Names, designations)Approved by:(Names. Designation)Low Bek HongManagerConducted on:16 Jan 2009Last Review Date: 20 Jan 2009Hiang Ah Guang, SupervisorApproved on:20 Jan 2009Next Review Date: 20 Jan 201148Annex ATable 1General Penalties for Offences for Which No Penalty is Prescribed Under the Act.Category of OffenderMaximum FineMaximumImprisonmentConditionsIndividual persons $ 200, 000 2 years Either or bothWorkers $ 500,000For failure to usepersonal protectiveequipment ormisuse of any safetyappliancea) 1st conviction - $1,000b) 2nd or subsequentconviction – $ 2,000Corporate body $ 1 million 2 years Either or bothTable 2Failure to Comply With Remedial Order or Stop Work Order.Category of OffenderPerson who failsto comply with aRemedial OrderIf offence is continuedafter convictionPerson who fails tocomply with a StopWork OrderIf the offence iscontinued afterconviction$ 50,000Maximum FineAdditional fine of $5,000for each day the offencecontinues$ 500,000$ 20,000 for each day theoffence continues.MaximumImprisonmentConditions12 months Either or both12 months Either or bothNo.Activities/Products/ServicesEHS Aspect / HazardEHS Impact / ConsequenceExisting EHS Impact / Risk Control Measures(if any)Assessment Conducted by:Assessment Approved by:Date of Assessment:Date of Next Review:Note: Review of Register is to be conducted once every three years or whenever there are changes in processes or work activities, whichever is earlier.Likelihood(High/Med/Low)Severity(High/ Med/Low)RiskLevelAdditional Impact / Risk Control Measures1. Sweeping Slip and fall Bodily injury – slip and fall • Stand 2 steps down during cleaningOccasional Moderate Medium• Clear obstructions• Avoid running• Wear non-slip safety shoesHit by falling objects Head injury • Sweeping to commence at 6.30 amOccasional Major High Wear hard hat if risk of falling objects is high• Look for signs of high risk before starting work e.g. thrown objectson floor and objects placed precariously on balconiesStep on sharp objects Foot injury Wear non-slip safety shoes Occasional Moderate Medium2. Mopping offloorsHigh pressurewashing offloors4. Scrubbing offloor tiles5. Refusecollection6. Clear cobwebat ceiling andpublic lightingsInhalation of dustAllergy / irritation from inhalationof dust• Wear dust mask• Daily sweeping to minimise dust• Don’t leave untied trash bags open for too long• Gently discard debris and litter by sweeping into dustpan andemptying into trash bags or binsContact with animal excrement Worm infestation Wear impervious glove and non-slip impervious shoes Remote Moderate LowSlips and falls dueHead and other bodily injuriesto slippery surface / wet floorsImproper technique or excessive workdurationSlip and fall due to slippery floor, hoseand wiresLoose or improper connections or brokenwireHit by machineInjured by high pressure jet water• Spillage of chemical / acids• Foot injury hit by machine• Loose wiring- trip, fall and slip• Hit by flying objects – glass thrown downfrom chute• Hit by falling objects – killer litter• Finger cut – by sharp objects• Spillage of refuse• Contact with waste• Ergonomic – lifting heavy objects• Dust emission• Dust / dirt falls into the eyes• Wear impervious gloves, non-slip safety shoes or boots• Signs to warn public of wet floor• No running or horse play on wet surfacesFrequent Minor Medium Vacuum area instead of sweeping if very dustyOccasional Moderate Medium The waste water should be disposed into the gully atthe wash areaMuscular injury• Mop away from wet surface• Allow adequate rest breaks and set maximum work hoursOccasional Minor Low Job rotationInjury to body Wear non-slip rubber boots Occasional Moderate Medium • Never horse play with the pressure jet• Never clean anyone with the high pressure jetElectrocution• Surface water pollution• Injury to body• Skin dermatitis – contact withchemicals• Eye injury – hit by flying objects• Finger injury – cut by sharp objects• Body injury – slip and fall• Infection / illness – contact withpathogenic microbes• Back injury – wrong posture duringlifting• Air pollution – nuisance odour.• Air pollution• Eye infection• Use waterproof industrial plug• Before commencement of work, check and ensure no naked wire toavoid electrocution• Use small quantity of mild acids dipped on rags during cleaning• Containment tray used when pouring chemical• Wear impervious gloves and non-slip rubber/plastic boots• Barricade and place signs• Clearing done before 12 pm• At least 2 workers in a team• PPE provided include non-slip rubber boots, face mask and impervioushand gloves• Sweep and clean waste spilled during collection at chute• Wash area with clean water• Cover rubbish bins with canvas sheets during transportation fromchute to bin centreWear goggles and dust mask when cleaning cobwebs Low Medium Notsignificant• Ensure that the plug is in good working condition• Switch off machine and turn off water supplyimmediately after washingNever horse play with the pressure jetAlways point the pressure jet gun away from the feetduring washingLow Medium Moderate • Check SDS to ensure correct type of PPE. If mild acidis used hand gloves must be worn• Mix the chemicals in the pail according tomanufacturer‘s instruction• Only mild general purpose biodegradabledetergent are to be used• Assemble the equipment, check that cables, plugsare in good working condition• Control the scrubbing machine close to your bodyArrange the wire properly and place it at the side• No horse play and running on wet surfacesMedium Medium Moderate • Avoid working under the chute• Check Battery Operated Cart (BOC) daily and ensurethat battery water is topped up and safe for use• Workers should observe personal hygiene, disinfectand wash hands and bathe upon completion of task• Use tongs or broom if there is a need to pick upany refuseWear hat when clearing cobwebsSeverityLikelihoodMajor Moderate MinorFrequent High High MediumOccasional High Medium LowRemote Medium Low LowActionExecutionDate (whereapplicable)49

Annex CMethodology of Impact / Risk AssessmentDetermination of LikelihoodDetermination of SeverityRankingCriteriaRankingCriteriaHigh (H)Medium (M)Low (L)Has happened (> 5 times / year) in the companyHas happened (between 1 to 5 times / year) in the company orHas happened in other companies in the same industry / businessHas never happened (or less than 1 time / year) beforeMedium (M)Environmental AssessmentIn terms of pollution, will cause moderate damage to theenvironment that requires general expertise and resources forcorrective actions or impact affects or is likely to affect the entiresite orIn terms of resource use, moderate use of resource and resourcetype is non-renewable or scarce orDetermination of SeverityLegal ConsiderationsNon-compliance with legal requirements that result in penaltiesRankingCriteriaOccupational Health and Safety AssessmentHigh (H)Occupational Health and Safety Assessment• Fatal, serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease(includes amputations. major fractures, multiple injuries,occupational cancer, acute poisoning and fatal diseases) or willcause very serious damage to properties > S$ 10,000 orEnvironmental AssessmentIn terms of pollution, will cause very serious environmental damagedirectly attributable to company or impact is likely to affect off-site,for e.g. the neighbourhood or community orIn terms of resource use, considerable use of resources and resourcetype is non-renewable or scarce orLegal ConsiderationsLow (L)• No injury, injury or ill-health requiring first aid treatment only(includes minor cuts and bruises, irritation, ill-health withtemporary discomfort) or will cause limited or insignificantdamage to properties < S$ 5,000 orEnvironmental AssessmentIn terms of pollution, will cause limited or insignificantenvironmental damage that can be undone without major costimplications or impact is likely localised orIn terms of resource use, negligible use of resources or resourcetype is renewable or not scarce orLegal ConsiderationsCompliance with legal requirementsMajor non-compliance with legal requirements.Occupational Health and Safety AssessmentMedium (M)• Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading todisability (includes lacerations, burns, sprains, minor fractures,dermatitis, deafness, work-related upper limb disorders) or willcause moderate damage to properties > S$ 5,000 but less thanS$ 10,000 or5051

Determination of SeverityLikelihoodSeverityHigh Medium LowHigh (H) Significant Significant ModerateMedium (M) Significant Moderate Not SignificantLow (L) Moderate Not Significant Not SignificantSignificanceRatingNotsignificantModerateSignificantAcceptabilityof Impact /RiskAcceptableModeratelyacceptableNotacceptableNo further action required.Improvement Actions• Careful evaluation of the hazards / aspects shouldbe carried out to ensure that the risk / impact level isreduced to as low as is practicable within a definedtime period.• To consider introducing engineering controls,administrative actions, operational control proceduresor take the aspects / hazards into account in thesetting of objectives and targets.Introduce engineering controls, administrative actions,operational control procedures or take the significantaspects / hazards into account in the setting of objectivesand targets.52