JeanPaul_Sartre_JeanPaul_Sartre_Basic_Writing

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Existentialism57certainly have tried to arrive at a definite point of view, though it might have beenproved wrong when acted upon. Most certainly I would have urged him to do something.M. <strong>Sartre</strong>If he comes to ask your advice, it is because he has already chosen the answer.Practically, I should have been very well able to give him some advice. But as he wasseeking freedom I wanted to let him decide. Besides, I knew what he was going to do,and that is what he did.Notes1 Oignez vilain il vous plaindra, poignez vilain il vous oindra.2 Mouvement Républicain Populaire.3 The attentistes, as they were called, were those who neither collaborated with theGerman occupation nor resisted it: but waited (as they said), for the time when theAllies would invade and make resistance more efficacious, or—as their enemiessaid—waited to join the winning side.4 Union Des Socialistes Républicains.
3 PhenomenologyThe ‘existential phenomenology’ of Being and Nothingness is a synthesisof existentialism and phenomenology. To understand it, we need a grasp ofphenomenology before <strong>Sartre</strong>.Although the term ‘phenomenology’ was given currency by the Germanmathematician and philosopher J. H. Lambert (1728–77), and althoughphenomenological themes are salient in Psychology From an EmpiricalStandpoint (1874) by the Austrian philosopher and psychologist FranzBrentano (1838–1917), it is Brentano’s pupil Edmund Husserl who isaccepted as the ‘father’ of phenomenology. It is controversial whether Hegel’sPhenomenology of Spirit (1807) contains much phenomenology in theHusserlian sense and whether Kant engaged in phenomenology in hisCritique of Pure Reason (1781/87), although Husserl thought he did.Husserl’s phenomenology is often thought to exist in three not whollydistinct phases: the distinguishing of phenomenology from both psychologyand logic in Logical Investigations (1900–1), ‘transcendentalphenomenonology’ in Ideas I (1913) and an emphasis on the ‘lifeworld’(Lebenswelt) in The Crisis of the European Sciences (1936).Husserl’s project is partly the Cartesian one of placing all knowledge onindubitable epistemological foundations, partly the Kantian one of explaininghow all knowledge is possible. In Ideas I, he uses the methodologicaldevice of epoché, or phenomenological reduction, to suspend or ‘put inabeyance’ all claims about the reality of the world outside consciousness.This reduction of what is to the appearance of what is facilitatesphenomenological description. Husserl hopes to discover the essence ofconsciousness, the essence of perception, the essence of a physical objectand so on. Objects are shown to be transcendentally constituted by
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Page 115 and 116: 5 BeingThe question What is being?
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7 The selfWhat is this subjective b
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11 Bad faithThe reality of our free
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13 PsychoanalysisThe Viennese docto
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14 WritingLiterature is the art for
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16 PoliticsSartre’s massive and c
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BibliographyChronological bibliogra
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336 Bibliography1954Kean, ou Desord
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338 BibliographyNotebooks for an Et
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