Ch 16 Sections 1 Reading

Name16Chapter Section 1 (pages 465–469)War EruptsBefore You ReadIn the last chapter, you read about how the nation broke apart over thedivisive issue of slavery.In this section, you will learn about the early years of the Civil War.As You ReadUse the diagram below to take notes on the advantages of the Northand South as the war began.NorthWar StrengthsSouthDateReading Study GuideTERMS & NAMESFort Sumter Federal fort in harborof Charleston, South CarolinaRobert E. Lee Confederate militaryleaderborder state Slave state thatbordered the NorthKing Cotton Title showing cotton’simportance to the SouthAnaconda Plan Union’s plan tosurround and defeat the Southblockade The preventing of goodsor people from entering or leaving anareaFirst Battle of Bull Run Early battlethat ended with a Confederate victoryCopyright © McDougal Littell Inc.First Shots at Fort Sumter; LincolnCalls Out the Militia (pages 465–466)Which side took the first shot?Southern states began seceding from the Union. Stateofficials took over most of the federal forts inside theirborders. Major Robert Anderson attempted to hold onto Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, SouthCarolina. However, his troops soon ran low on supplies.President Lincoln knew that supplying the fortmight lead to war. But if he withdrew the troops, hewould be giving in to the rebels. He decided to sendsupplies. Confederate leaders responded by attackingthe fort on April 12, 1861. Major Anderson soonsurrendered. With this battle, the Civil War had begun.President Lincoln called on Northerners to putdown the Southern rebellion. As a result, manyNorthern men joined the army. States such asKentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, andArkansas reacted angrily to the president’s call toarms. They did not want to fight against theirneighbors. These states seceded from the Union.They sent their men to fight for the Confederacy.The Confederacy was happy to have Virginia onits side. Virginia was a large and wealthy state. Inaddition, Virginia was the home of Robert E. Lee.Lee was a talented and respected military leader. TheConfederacy soon moved its capital to Richmond.1. Why was Virginia important to theConfederacy?________________________________________________________________________________________Choosing Sides; Strengths andWeaknesses (pages 466–467)What were the Union’s war advantages?Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri wereknown as border states. These were slave states thatTHE CIVIL WAR BEGINS 153

The Civil War Begins continuedbordered the North. Because of their resources andlocation, these states could tip the scales toward oneside in the war.Keeping Maryland in the Union was especiallyimportant to the North. If Maryland seceded, thenWashington, D.C., would be cut off from the Union.Pro-Union leaders quickly gained control of theMaryland legislature. As a result, the state stayed inthe Union. Kentucky, Missouri, and Delaware alsostayed in the Union. In the end, 24 states made up theUnion. Eleven states joined the Confederacy.The Union appeared to have a significant waradvantage—in both manpower and resources. TheNorth had more than twice as many citizens as theSouth. In addition, more than 80 percent of thenation’s factories were located in the North. TheNorth also had President Lincoln, a very able leader.The Confederacy had some advantages, too. Itbegan the war with able generals, including Robert E.Lee. In addition, Southern soldiers were ready tofight hard to defend their homes and families.2. What were the South’s greatest waradvantages?________________________________________________________________________________________The Confederate Strategy (page 468)Why was cotton king in the South?The South did not want to conquer the North. TheConfederacy only wanted to be independent.Confederate leaders hoped the North would soon tireof war and accept Southern independence.The Confederacy hoped to win foreign support inthe war. Southerners looked to King Cotton to winthis support. Cotton was king in the South becauseof its importance in the world market. The Southgrew most of the cotton for Europe’s textile mills.When war broke out, Southern planters withheldcotton from the market. They hoped that this wouldforce France and Britain to aid the Confederatecause. However, these nations had a surplus ofcotton. As a result, Europe did not get involved inthe war.3. How did the South hope to win Europeansupport?________________________________________________________________________________________The Union Strategy (page 468)What was the Union’s war goal?The North’s goal was to bring the Southern statesback into the Union. To do this, the North developedan offensive strategy known as the Anaconda Plan.Under this plan, the North would squeeze theSouthern economy like a giant anaconda snakesmothering its prey.The plan called for a naval blockade of the South’scoastline. In a blockade, armed forces prevent thetransportation of goods or people into or out of anarea. The plan also called for the Union to gaincontrol of the Mississippi River. This would split theConfederacy in two.4. What were the key elements in theAnaconda Plan?________________________________________________________________________________________Battle of Bull Run (page 469)Who won the Battle of Bull Run?In the summer of 1861, Lincoln ordered an invasionof Virginia. His goal was to conquer Richmond. Aftermarching into Virginia, Northern troops clashed withSouthern soldiers near a river called Bull Run. In theNorth, this battle became known as the First Battleof Bull Run.The Confederates won the battle. The rebel victorythrilled the South and shocked the North. The Northrealized it had underestimated its opponent. As a result,President Lincoln began preparing for a long war.5. How did each side react after the Battleof Bull Run?________________________________________________________________________________________Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc.154 CHAPTER 16 SECTION 1