Smith, Katherlne C.; Larson, Frederlc R. 1984. Overstory-understory relationships in theblack spruce type of interior <strong>Alaska</strong>. In: LaBau, Vernon J.; Kerr, Calvin L., eds. Inventoryingforest and other vegetation of the high latitude and high altitude regions: Proceedings of aninternational symposium, Society of American Foresters regional technical conference: 1984July 23-26; Fairbanks, AK. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 103-112.Snow, Alllson A.; Vlnce, Susan W. 1984. Plant zonation in an <strong>Alaska</strong>n salt marsh. II: Anexperimental study of the role of edaphic conditions. Journal of Ecology. 72: 669-684.Sparks, Louise H.; del Moral, Roger; Watson, Alan F.; Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1977. <strong>The</strong>distribution of vascular plant species on Sergief Island, southeast <strong>Alaska</strong>. Syesis. IO: 1-9.Spetzman, L.A. 1963. Terrain study of <strong>Alaska</strong>. Part 5: <strong>Vegetation</strong>. In: U.S. Department of theArmy, Engineering Intelligence Study. EIS 301. Washington, DC: Chief of Engineers. [Notpaged].Spetzman, Lloyd A. 1959. <strong>Vegetation</strong> of the Arctic slope of <strong>Alaska</strong>. US. Geol. Surv. Prof.Pap. 302-E. Washington, DC: US. Government Printing Office. 58 p.Splndler, Michael A. 1976. Ecological survey of the birds, mammals and vegetation ofFairbanks Wildlife Management Area. Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>. 258 p. M.S.thesis.Splndler, Michael A. 1978. Bird populations and habitat use in the Okpilak River delta area,Arctic National Wildlife Range, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Fairbanks, AK: Arctic National Wildlife Range, U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service. 79 p.Spindler, Mlchael A.; Kessel, Brina. 1978. Terrestrial avian habitats and their utilization,upper Tanana River Valley, <strong>Alaska</strong>, 1977. Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong> Museum.118 p.Spindler, Michael A.; Mouton, Michele A,; MacDonald, Stephen 0. 1980. Biological surveysin the Firth-Mancha Research Natural Area, <strong>Alaska</strong>, 1979-1980. Fairbanks, AK: William 0.Douglas Arctic Wildlife Range, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. 91 p.Stanek, Walter. 1980. <strong>Vegetation</strong> types and environmental factors associated with FoothillsGas Pipeline Route, Yukon Territory (maps and legend). BC-X-205. Victoria, BC: EnvironmentCanada, Forestry Service. 47 p.Steere, William Campbell. 1978. Floristics, phytogeography, and ecology of arctic <strong>Alaska</strong>nbryophytes. In: Tieszen, Larry L.. ed. <strong>Vegetation</strong> and production ecology of an <strong>Alaska</strong>narctic tundra. Ecological Studies 29. New York: Springer-Verlag: 141-167.Stelgers, William D., Jr.; Helm, Dot; MacCracken, James G. [and others] 1983. <strong>Alaska</strong>Power Authority, Susitna Hydroelectric Project, environmental studies-subtask 7.12: 1982plant emlogy studies. Final Rep. Palmer, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>, Agricultural ExperimentStation. 288 p.Stephens, F.R. 1969. Aforest ecosystem on a glacier in <strong>Alaska</strong>. Arctic. 22(4): 178-183.Stephens, F.R.; Billings, R.F. 1967. Plant communities of a tide-influenced meadow onChichagof Island, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Northwest Science. 41(4): 178-183.Stephens, F.R.; Gass, C.R.; Billlngs, R.F. 1970. <strong>The</strong> muskegs of southeast <strong>Alaska</strong> andtheir diminished extent. Northwest Science. 44(2): 123-130.Stephens, F.R.; Gass, C.R.; Billlngs, R.F.; Paulson, D.E. 1969. Soils and associatedecosystems of the Tongass. 67 p. Draft. On file with: Institute of Northern Forestry,308 Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK.99775.234
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
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Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
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Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
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Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
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Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
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II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
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mn15
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FQ221
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n aa25
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mP35
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.I44
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Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
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Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
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A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
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Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
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Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
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Occasionally, small stands of balsa
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Mature birch can survive low-intens
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Distribution and Site characteristl
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Distributlon and site characteristi
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Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
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I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
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stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
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1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
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Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
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I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Closed subalp
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ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
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Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
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hummocky substrate and usually are
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
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ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
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Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Successlonal status-Many of these c
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Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
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generally also have an abundance of
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Successional status-Communities on
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Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
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Primary references-Hogan and Tande
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
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Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
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ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
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Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
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Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
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ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
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1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
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Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
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' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
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Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
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(Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
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Successional status-In southwestern
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
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Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
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Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
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- Page 191 and 192: Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
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- Page 201 and 202: Closely related types-Herb wet mead
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- Page 209 and 210: lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
- Page 211 and 212: Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
- Page 213 and 214: Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
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- Page 217 and 218: ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
- Page 219 and 220: Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
- Page 221 and 222: Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
- Page 223 and 224: Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
- Page 225 and 226: Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
- Page 227 and 228: Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
- Page 229 and 230: Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
- Page 231 and 232: Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
- Page 233 and 234: Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
- Page 235 and 236: Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
- Page 237: Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
- Page 241 and 242: Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
- Page 243 and 244: Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
- Page 245 and 246: Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
- Page 247 and 248: Table %Listof scientific and common
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- Page 251 and 252: Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
- Page 253 and 254: Table >Listof scientific and common
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- Page 277 and 278: Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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