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5grades K–12 and reported on the benefits of word processing with fourth- throughsixth– grade students. The study indicated that: (a) the quality of instruction, notmerely the access to computers, is the more significant factor in learning to write; (b)students maintained a level of enthusiasm, comfort, and persistence that was seldomseen when they had to write by hand to plan, draft, and revise their writing; (c) writerswere much more willing to share their work when they had legible, computer-producedtext on their screens and on the printed page; (d) students wrote more and better whenthey used computers for their daily writing activities and; (e) low-achieving studentsdemonstrated significant improvement in the quantity and elaboration of their writing(Hiebert, 1989).Other research has implications on the effect of word processing and thewriting process although it does not specifically address grades four through six.Borthwick (1993) reviewed forty-one research studies completed between 1929 and1983 that investigated the effects of typewriting and word processing on thedevelopment of elementary school students’ language arts skills, including writing.The collected evidence revealed the greatest positive effect on the development ofwriting skills was when students used a word processor. The study concurred with theACOT finding that writing skills improved because students using word processingtypically spend more time writing (Baker, 1990). A review of the literature yieldedtwenty-three studies conducted between 1988 and 1997 on the use of the technologyand language arts. None of these studies refuted Borthwick’s conclusions.The California Instructional Technology Clearinghouse gave exemplary statusto thirty-four writing programs published since 1995 for fourth through sixth graders.At the same time, only the ACOT research discussed above focused on theimplementation of writing programs for students in these grades (Heibert, 1991).As indicated by research findings, the most beneficial use of technology inlanguage arts is in teaching the writing process (Borthwick, 1993). Research has shown
What about oral insulin?• Subjects are earlier in the courseof beta cell destruction• Oral insulin has no metaboliceffects• May induce tolerance bypresentation of peptides to immunesystem via gut• Effective in animal models
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Page 19: 20Yau, M. (1991). Potential and act

Sample literature review - iMET

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