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GENERAL ARTICLEPrecision Feeding and Total Mixed Ration (TMR)conceptConsidering the cost of production involved,farmers are very conscious of increasing theproductivity of their animals. Considering thedeficiency of fodder and the increasing price of feedingredients, it is possible to go for precision feedingand one such method is total mixed ration. Totalmixed ration is a concept of delivering nutrients toanimals as a complete balanced ration. Total mixedration consists of concentrate, roughage andmicronutrients / feed additives. The concentrate androughage are added in different levels, according tothe stage of lactation and physiological stage of theanimal. Roughage part is generally crop residue orhay. The concentrate portion includes oilcakes,molasses, grains or grain byproducts. Bypassproteins or bypass fat can also be added depending onthe requirement of the animal. Micro nutrients,vitamins, trace minerals, binders, probiotics,antioxidants, antitoxins and herbal extracts are alsoincluded to promote proper body function. Theseingredients are made into blocks using hydraulicpress and as a result of densification process theconcentrate matter get attached to the roughage alongwith molasses which facilitates the cellulolyticmicrobes to grow faster and enhance cellulolyticactivity in rumen.(Walli,T.K. 2010)Advantages of Total Mixed Ration It is the best way to feed balanced ration toruminants. Less feed wastage. Saves time and labor. Easy for transportation and storage. Crop residues can be effectively utilized Reduces methane production. Improved productive and reproductiveefficiency.Use of Agricultural or Industrial byproducts ornovel feedsDuring 2009-10, the price of cow milk hasincreased only by 6 percent in Kerala. On the inputside, the price of grass, gingelly oil cake, coconut oilcake and ground nut cake recorded an increase of 20percent, 12 percent, 3 percent and 12.5 percentrespectively during 2009-10. The increased cost ofinputs is a serious threat affecting profitability ofdairy farming. Since feed cost accounts to about 70percent of the cost of the livestock farming, researchshould be focused on measures to reduce the cost offeeding. Researches on nutritional and possibleinclusion of tapioca leaves, tapioca starch waste,rubber seed, coffee husk, neem seed, coconut pith,plantain rhizome, cashew apple waste, pepper waste,African payal, palm leaves, frog meal, prawn waste,jack fruit waste, cocoa pods, etc in cattle feed hadbeen undertaken at the Department of Animalnutrition, Kerala Veterinary And Animal SciencesUniversity. These results should be popularizedamong farmers and the farmers should beencouraged to produce of low cost feed using thelocally available feed resources at their door steps.Agricultural by products and crop residues which areavailable in plenty can be effectively utilized eitherby physical treatment (chopping of straw or watersoaking), chemical treatment (Urea treatment ofstraw) or by biological treatment (using fungi ortreatment with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes).Since there is emergence of more and morehuman food industries, their byproducts can formexcellent substances to be included in cattle feed.Notable examples being brewery waste, pine applewaste, spent ginger, tea waste, flours of breadindustry, etc. Much nutritional studies in this regardhave to be conducted in future.Use of bypass technologyRuminants have advantage over nonruminantsin that they can digest large amount offiber and they can utilize non protein nitrogen.However there are also some constraints as themicrobial nutrients may be insufficient for a higherproducing animal and the concept of bypass protein,bypass fat and by pass starch comes in to picture.Steps have to be taken for educating the farmers forjudicious use of the feed available to them.JIVA Vol. 10 Issue 1 April 201267
GENERAL ARTICLEJ. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (1)How to increase the fodder base? Role of sociallycommitted NGOsAs stated elsewhere in this article, 18% oftotal geographic area in Kerala state laysunderutilized. Self help groups and otherunemployed youths can venture in to production ofgreen grass, legume crops or tree fodders by adoptingvarious silvi pastural systems and sell it to farmers aspreserved form or fresh. The required technical knowhow should be provided to them. Many suchendeavors have been started in many parts of Kerala.Thrust on tree fodder.Various tree species which can be used astree fodders include Mullan kaini (Bridelia retusa),Murukku (Erythrina indica), Chamba (Eugeniajambosa), Kumbil (Gmelina arborea), Aval(Holoptelia integrifolia), Subabul (Leucaenaleucocephala), Venga (Pterocarpus marsupium),Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora), Njaval (Syzygiumcumini), Malayan chamba (Syzygium malaccense)etc. Various silvipastural and agro forestrytechniques can be tried for increasing the fodder baseas it will not only supply forage but also providemulch, acting as a control to soil erosion andenhancing soil fertility.Forage ConservationKerala is blessed with abundant rain fall. Theforages which are produced in excess during rainyseason should be preserved for use in the leanperiods. Preservation can be done in the form of hayor silage and many self help groups can venture intosuch activities.Improvement of forage quality is also asimportant as forage conservation and many ways toimprove the inferior crop residues are wellestablished.Residual feedConsider a case where two animals which areequal in all aspects are receiving same feed but oneanimal is yielding more milk … the point here is thefeed efficiency and those animal which eat more iseating the residual feed. In other sense the feed eatenextra is a waste. So to reduce the wastage what are thesolutions? Genetic selection of animals having morefeed efficiency. Vigorous culling policy should beinitiated in those animals used for progeny testing toeliminate the character from the population.Feed additivesProbiotics, prebiotics, enzymes (exogenousenzymes like Cellulases, Xylanases,Hemicellulases, Pentosanases and amylases),organic acids and modifiers of rumen fermentation(ionophores) will help in improving the feedefficiency and reduce methane production.Intake strategiesA nutritionally balanced ration is essentialfor an animal to perform at its optimum level. It isalso necessary that animal should sufficientlyconsume the feed. Often the feed supplied may beimbalanced in minerals, vitamins and other nutrients.Supplementation poses two questions: what tosupply? and how to supply? Multinutrient feedblocks is an answer to this as they will supplyrequired nutrients in an easy way.Some points are narrated here which mayinvoke interest in the minds of the stake holders ofanimal husbandry activities and hopefully generateenthusiasm for the betterment of this nobleprofession in Kerala.REFERENCES1. Kerala Economic review, 2010. Kerala StatePlanning Board, Thiruvananthapuram.2. Walli,T.K. 2010, Densified complete feedblock technology and its role in enhancingruminant production, including buffaloes,Proceedings of international BuffaloConference :294-30068
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POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION BASEDDETE
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RESEARCH ARTICLEJ. Ind. Vet. Assoc.
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RESEARCH ARTICLEcontaining phytase
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Page 49 and 50: CLINICAL REPORTSURGICAL MANAGEMENT
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