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GENERAL ARTICLEacids in the rumen, especially unsaturated fatty acids(UFAs) such as linoleic and linolenic (Czerkawski,1986). UFAs have toxic effects on methanogens andthe reduction in methanogenesis appears to be mostlya secondary effect on fermentation. Both in vivo andin vitro experiments have showed that addition of fatsand oils containing UFAs depressed fibre digestionas cellulolytic bacteria are sensitive to UFAs.Addition of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotenealleviates the toxic effect of UFAs, and improvesfibre digestion.d. Halogenated Methane AnaloguesChlorinated methane analogues such aschloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methylenechloride inhibit methanogenesis in rumen.Halogenated alkanes also block the function ofcorrinoid enzymes (Vitamin B12dependent enzymes)in methanogenesis. Bromoethane sulfonic acid(BES) is a potent inhibitor of methanogenesis andgrowth of M. ruminantium. Among the halogenatedmethane analogues bromochloromethane (BCM)seems to be the most potent. (Trei et al., 1970;Sawyer et al., 1971; Chalupa, 1984).IIIVACCINESRecently scientists of CSIRO (Australia)developed vaccine against methanogens usingpseudumurein layer of its cell wall. This vaccinesuppress the growth of methanogens subsequentlyreduces methane production.CONCLUSIONRuminants are evidently major source ofmethane emission and so methane abundance wouldcontinue to grow in the atmosphere with rise inanimal number and production. Reduction ofmethane emission from ruminants can be achievedby several methods viz., supplementation of criticalnutrient through concentrate or green fodder, feedingurea molasses mineral block, defaunation variationof roughage: concentrate ratio, ammoniation ofcereal crop residues, feeding of halogenatedmethane, use of vaccines etc. If proper feedingstrategy and managemental practices are followed,methane production from ruminants can be reduced.It will improve the energy utilization /productionperformance of ruminants and protect theenvironment by reducing global warming.REFERRENCESChalupa, W. 1984. Manipulation of rumen fermentation.In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (edited byharesign, W., Cole, D.), London, UK, Butterworths,pp 143-160.Czerkawski, J.W. 1986. Transfer of metabolic hydrogen inthe rumen. In: An introduction to rumen studies.Oxford, UK; Pergamon Press, pp. 173-188.Hino, T., Saitoh, H., Miwa, T., Kanda, M. and Kumazawa,S. 1993. Effect of aibelin, a peptide antibiotic, onpropionate production in the rumen of goats. J.Dairy Sci., 77: 3426-3431.Khan, M.Y., Murari Lal, Biswas, J.C., Haque, N. andGirdhar, N. 1996. Methane production from Indianlivestock. National Symposium. Prospects oflivestock and poultry development in 21st Century.CARI, Izatnagar, India, pp 41.Kreuzer, M., Kirchgessner, J. and Muller, H.L. 1986.Effect of defaunation on the loss of energy inweathers fed different quantities of cellulose andnormal or steam-flaked maize starch. Anim. FeedSci. Technol., 16: 233-241.Leng, R.A. 1991. Improving ruminant production andreducing methane emission from ruminants bystrategic supplementation. EPA, Washington, D.C.Preston, T.R. and Leng, R.A. 1987. Matching ruminantproduction system with available resources in thetropics and subtropics penumble books. ArmidaleAustralia.Sawyer, M.S., Hoover, W.H. and Sniffen, C.J. 1971.Effects of methane inhibitor on growth and energymetabolism in sheep. J. Dairy Sci., 34: 1191-1199.Trei, J.E., Singh, Y.K. and Scot, G.C. 1970. Effects ofmethane inhibition on rumen metabolism. J. Anim.Sci., 31: 256.Turnbull, G.W., Cripe, K. and Mishra, S. 2000. Effects ofmolasses urea supplementation of buffalo diet inGujarat state. India on work production, butterfat,animal weight and methane loss. In: Proceedings ofII International Methane Mitigation Conference,June 18-23; Novosibirsk, Russia.USEPA 1998. Small steps make a difference: Improvingyour cow-calf business and the emission of thesoutheastern USEPA 430-K-98-001, 12P.JIVA Vol. 10 Issue 1 April 201259