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RESEARCH ARTICLEof five (50 percent) gave an amplicon size of 402 bpfor lktA gene, which indicates the presence of F.necrophorum. None of the samples were found tobe positive for D. nodosus. The detection of F.necrophorum on 50 percent hoof lesions of pigssuggests F. necrophorum is the major contributingfactor for foot bush in pigs. This is consistent withthe findings of Hickford et al., 2010, wherein ahigher proportion of lame cattle were affected withF. necrophorum (53 percent), than D. nodosus (5percent).Fig.1: PCR amplification of lktA geneof F. necrophorumLane 1, 2 and 3: samples, Lane 3: positive controlLane 5: negative controlThis study may not be representative as thesample size was very low and was collected from asingle farm; in addition, samples from healthyanimals were not considered.This study suggests a hypothesis of anincreased association of F. necrophorum with footbush in pigs, than D. nodosus and has veryimportant implications in herd health management.Presence of F. necrophorum in affected pigs can actas a potential source of infection to healthy animalsin the farm, which on secondary infection with D.nodosus may lead to a much more severe condition.Outbreaks by mixed variants of F. necrophorum isnot common, in contrast to report of the presence ofupto seven strains of D. nodosus on a single claw(Zhou et al., 2001). Therefore this study can befurther expanded to identify the strains ofF. necrophorum prevalent in Kerala to develop aneffective vaccine against foot bush in pigs.REFERENCESDhungyel, O. P., Whittington, R. J. and Egerton, J.R. 2002.Serogroupspecifc single andmultiplex PCR with pre-enrichment cultureand immuno-magnetic bead capture foridentifying strains of D. nodosus in sheep withfootrot prior to vaccination. Mol. cellprobes.16: 285-296.Falkler, W. A., Ewonwu, C. O. and Idigbe, E. O.1999 Isolation of Fusobacteriumnecrophorum from cancrumoris (noma). Am.J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60:150-156.Gradin, J. L. and Schmitz, J. A. 1977. Selectivemedium for isolation of Bacteroides nodosus.J. Clin. Microbiol. 6 (3) : 298-302.Hickford, J. G. H., Bennet, G. N and Zhou, H. 2010.The presence of DichelobacternodosusandFusobacterium necrophorum on the claws ofthlame cattle of New Zealand. Proceedings of 4Australasian Diary Science Symposium. pp.428-431.Kortt, A. A., Burns, J. E. & Stewart, D. J. 1983.Detection of the extracellular proteases ofBacteroides nodosus in polyacrylamide gels:a rapid method of distinguishing virulent andbenign ovine isolates. Res. Vet. Sci. 35: 171-174.JIVA Vol. 10 Issue 1 April 201215
RESEARCH ARTICLEJ. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (1)La Fontaine, S., Egerton, J. R. & Rood, J. I.1993. Detection of Dichelobacter n o d o s u susing species-specific oligonucleotides asPCR primers. Vet. Microbiol. 35: 101-117.Mouttotou, N., Hatchell, F. M., Lundervold, M. andGreen, L. E. 1997. Prevalence anddistribution of foot lesions in finishing pigs insouth-west England. Vet. Rec. 141(5): 115-20.Mouttotou, N., Hatchell, F. M. and Green, L. E.1999. Foot lesions in finishing pigs and theirassociations with the type of floor. Vet. Rec.144 (23): 629-32.Moore, L.J., Wassink, G.J., Green, L.E. andGrogono-Thomas, R. 2005. The detectionand characterisation of Dichelobacternodosusfrom cases of ovine footrot in England andWales. Vet. Microbiol.108: 57-67.Piriz, S., Hurtado, M. A., Valle, J., Mateos, E. M.,Martin-Palomino, P. and Vadillo.S. 1996.Bacteriological study of footrot in pigs: apreliminary note. Vet. Rec. 139: 17-19.Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Blood, D. C. andHinchcliff, K. W. 2000. Veterinary Medicine:A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep,thpigs, goats and horses.9 ed. Saunders Ltd. pp.959-961.Skerman, T. M. 1989. Isolation and identificationof Bacteroidesnodosus. In: Egerton, J. R.,Yong, W. K., Riffkin, G. G. (Eds.), Footrot andFoot Abscess of Ruminants. CRC Press, Inc.,Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 85104.Teshale, S. 2005. Recent footrot outbreak inDebrezeit swine farm, central Ethiopia. J. Vet.Sci.6 (4): 367-368.Wani, S.A., Samanta I., Bhat M. A. and Buchh, A. S.2004: Molecular detection andcharacterization of Dichelobacternodosus inovine foot rot in India. Mol. Cell. Probes.18:289-291.Wani S. A., Samanta, I. and Kawoosa, S. 2007:Isolation and characterization ofDichelobacternodosus from ovine andcaprine footrot in Kashmir, India. Res. Vet.Sci. 83: 141-144.Zakaria, Z., Radu, S., Sheikh-Omar, A. R., Mutalib,A. R., Joseph, P. G. and Rusul, G. 1998.Molecular analysis of Dichelobacternodosusisolated from footrot in sheep in Malaysia.Vet. Microbiol. 62: 243-250.Zhou, H., Bennet, G. and Hickford, J. G. H. 2009.Variation of Fusobacterium necrophorumstrains present on the hooves of footrotinfected sheep, goats and cattle. Vet.Microbiol. 135: 363-367.Zhou, H, Dobbinsom, S. and Hickford, J. G. H.2010. Fusobacterium necrophorum varientspresent on the hooves of lame pigs. Vet.Microbiol. 141: 390.Zhou, H., Hickford, J. G. H. and Amstrong, K, F.2001. Rapid and accurate typing ofDichelobacternodosus using PCRamplification and reverse dot-blothybridization. Vet. Microbiol. 80: 149-162.16
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GENERAL ARTICLEHOW TO IMPROVE THE L
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Table 2. Drugs having EPI activityE
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ASSOCIATION NEWSVETERINARIANS ANNUA
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INSTALLATION OF IVASTATE OFFICE BEA
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