2 Volumes Final Proceedings - Washington 1984.pdf - IARC Research

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ence of gas hydrates in both land and subsea permafrostis being examined. Considerable attentionhas been directed to concerns regarding potentialchanges in permafrost terrain due to human activitiesand carbon-dioxide-induced climatic warming.In the Subarctic, or in the region of discontinuouspermafrost, investigations continue onconstruction and maintenance techniques to mitigateadverse effects of permafrost degradation andfrost heave. The influence of permafrost on surfaceand groundwater supplies continues to be investigated.In alpine regions, the general distributionof permafrost has been delineated and severalsire-specific studies are underway. In the Antarctic,permafrost research is generally conductedin relation to periglacial and geologic investigations.In the past year, the U.S. Committee on Permafrostundertook and completed an assessment offuture permafrost research requirements for therewining years of the twentieth century. Includedin this study are assessments on subjects relatedto the chemistry and physics of frozenground, subsea permafrost, geophysical techniques,soil mechanical behavior, engineering and environmentalconsiderations, and hydrology. A series ofrecommendations include the need for additionalresearch on ground ice, its detection and origin,monitoring of performance of existing facilitieson permafrost, monitoring of active layer andground temperatures, and continued internationalcooperation. A second study on ice segregationand frost heaving is also to be published. It isobvious that there remains a need for additionalbasic and applied research on permafrost and deepseasonally frozen ground. This conference willhelp to identify what research should be conductedin the future.In closing, I wish you a successful conference.It is gratifying to me to see such a largeattendance from so many countries. Thank you.TROY L. Pfid - Thank you, Dr. Brown. One of themost pleasing aspects of the opening session is tobe able to acknowledge the great supporting staffthat worked virtually for years to produce thisconference. The unfortunate aspect is that thegroup is so large that all the supporting workerscannot be mentioned here, but their nares will appearin the final conference publications.The Organizing Committee of the conferencehas worked for five years on this effort, and Iwould especially like to mention the tremendouscontributions of Jerry Brown, Gunter Weller andLou DeEoes, who were active in all aspects of theconference. Also, Richard Reger for overseeingthe publication of the guidebooks, Robert Millerfor chairing the review of manuscrlpts €or theproceedings, Oscar Ferrians for guiding the fieldtrip details, and especially Jay Barton for hiesupport in many national and local details.Thanks are also extended to Hans Jahns, JohnKiely, Art Lachenbruch, Link Washburn and Jim Zumberge.Special mention mst be made of Wil Harrisonand Bill Sackinger, of the University of Alaska,along with Gunter Weeller, for arranging the programand the host of local details. Also, specialthanks to Dixie Brown, for organizing the privatecontributions. It is well known that this conferenceis possible only with the tireless support ofthe office staffs of these individuals, and oursincere thanks goes to the small army of secretaries,clerks, and aides who have been working onthis conference for so long here in Alaska and inthe contiguous states. Special thanks are extendedto the Department of Conferences and Institutesof the Universlty of Alaska.Financial support for the conference has comefrom various sources. hbnetary contributions havebeen received from the State of Alaska, Federalagencies, and the private sector. A list of thesebenefactors is presented in several of the conferencepublications (see page 413). In addition, valuablein-kind support has been received from ahost of institutions, especially from the Cold Regions<strong>Research</strong> and Engineering Laboratory and theGeophysical Institute of the University of Alaska.Before concluding, I call your attention tothe banner on the table in front of re. To thosewho are not aware, the circles you see there arelogos that were used in this and the previous conferences.The banner originated with the Canadiandelegation five years ago and was passed on to theU.S. for this conference.We again welcome you and appreciate your coming;have a successful conference. This concludesthe opening session. Thank you.
12PROGRAMMONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRUlAYTIME 18 July 19 July 20 July 21 July 22 JulyPanel Session: Panel Session: Panel Session: Panel Session:8:30 Opening Environmental Deep Foundations Frost HeaveSubseato Plenary Protection and and Permafrost1000 a.m. Session of Embankments Ice SegregationPermafrost Terrain10:ML1030 a.m.Coffee Break12:00noon""12:30 p.m.""1:30 p.m.2:oO p.m.""""3:3&4:00 p.m.Panel Session:PipelinesinNorthern RegionsLUNCH12:00-1:30*Thermal design*Pipelines*Ice and soil wedges*Invited ChineseSessionCoffee Break*Thermal analysis*Mechanics of frozen4:00 soilsto *Pleistocene perma-6:oO p.m. frost conditions*Invited ChineseSession*Remote sensingPaper Sessions:*Thermodynamics*Mechanics of frozensoils*Mountainandplateaupermafrost*Effects of man-madedisturbance*Planetary permafrostPoster SessionLocalFieldTripsBARBEQUEPaper Sessions:*Roads and railways-Thermal aspects*Foundations*Frost mounds andother periglacialfeatures*Effect of man-madeand natural disturbance*Invited Soviet SessionPoster SessionLUNCH 12:30-2300 p.m.Panel Session:Climate ChangeandGeothermalRegime-Coffee Break*Foundations*Ground ice andsolifluction*Hydrology*Invited SovietSession*ClimatePaper Sessions:*Frost heave*Embankments, roadsand railways*Patterned ground*Hydrology*GeophysicsPoster SessionLocalFieldTripsBANQUETPaper Sessions:*Excavations, miningand municipal*Cold climate rockweathering*Groundwater in permafrost*Subsea permafrost*Ecology of naturalsystemsClosingPlenarySessionWalkingTourofLocalPermafrostFeaturesSee Appendix A for descriptions of local field trips. See Appendix B for titles of presentations.
Page 2 and 3: PERMAFROSTFourth International Conf
Page 4 and 5: PrefacePerennially frozen ground, o
Page 6 and 7: course of the pre- and post-confere
Page 8 and 9: U.S. Organizing CommitteeTroy L. Pe
Page 10 and 11: Subsea Permafrost 73IntroductionHop
Page 12 and 13: xiContributed Soviet 195 PapersThe
Page 14: xiiiCLOSING PLENARY SESSIONAPPENDIX
Page 18 and 19: Opening Plenary SessionMonday, July
Page 20 and 21: DANIEL A. CASEY - Thank you very mu
Page 22: 5about his budget for maintenance.
Page 25 and 26: 8second, ice becows hard, and earth
Page 27: 10Roger J.E. Brown of Canada, who h
Page 32 and 33: Deep Foundations and EmbankmentsPAN
Page 34 and 35: 17- streamlining pile design so tha
Page 36 and 37: 19I/Bearing platformFIGURE 2Inserte
Page 38 and 39: 21cmc.-0 100 200 300Anchoring lengt
Page 40 and 41: 23PROTECTING PILE FOUNDATIONS FROM
Page 42 and 43: D.C.EschAlaska Departmentof Transpo
Page 44 and 45: 27active layer beneath the roadway
Page 46 and 47: 29However, data did demonstrate tha
Page 48 and 49: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF WATER-RET
Page 50 and 51: 33spillways and other outlet struct
Page 52 and 53: 35ance cement grout is periodically
Page 54 and 55: 37completed in 1946 to a maximum he
Page 56 and 57: 39TABLE I (cont'd) Embanmknenc dams
Page 58 and 59: 41Generating Station, Manitoba: Can
Page 60 and 61: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP FOU
Page 62 and 63: 45B9.penetration resistance is full
Page 64 and 65: 47normal pressure on the shaft, fur
Page 66 and 67: I49P43.P44.P45.P4 6.P4 7.P48,11. De
Page 68 and 69: Frost Heave and Ice SegregationPANE
Page 70 and 71: 53ly, however, an interrelationship
Page 72 and 73: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINA ON FR
Page 74 and 75: 57Guan et al. (1981a) have complete
Page 76 and 77: 59graphical Society of China (Cryop
Page 78 and 79:
THERMALLY INDUCED REGELATION: A QUA
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63heaving based on the rigid ice mo
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65about water migration and seconda
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STATUS OF NUMERICAL MODELS FOR HEAT
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69to pre dice the uosition of the 0
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71Ottawa, National Research Council
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74geotechnical consultant wel acqua
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76-12rFIGURE 2 Marine temperature p
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I78050100I so01002 nn(km)FIGURE 3 T
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0 -4"" 1 '"".80-r"-+-"-""=lI I I I
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82Leffingwell, E, de K., 1919, The
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84FIGURE 2Hummocky acoustically def
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86depos its coarser-gra line d sedi
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GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SUBSEAPE
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SUBSEA PERMAFROST AND PETROLEUM DEV
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shown to be about 18 m below the se
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94frost. The significance of this s
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Pipelines in Northern RegionsPANEL
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HOT-OIL AND CHILLED-GAS PIPELINE IN
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102a. b./6RAVEL PAD,611AVEL PAD EXT
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104TABLE 1 Perform an ce of the var
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PIPELINE WORKPADS IN ALASKAM.C.Mete
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108Encapsulation of low strength so
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110Another technique that is being
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Environmental Protection of Permafr
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115emy of Sciences, Ser. Geogr., no
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117TABLE 1 Changes in northern taig
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119A somewhat dif€erent approach
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12 1direct and inverse relationship
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II123Mikhaylov, N. A., 1980, Classi
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I_REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITIES IN PE
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127subsurface resource; therefore,
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TERRAIN AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
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131gate and the reluctance of the l
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PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PROTECTIO
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TERRAIN SENSITIVITY AND RECOVERY fN
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Climate Change and Geothermal Regim
Page 156 and 157:
STUDY OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PERM
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141THE: LAST 10,000 YEARSChu (1973)
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143$ 0.3 Whole EarthFIGURE 4, Compa
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RESPONSE OF ALASKAN PERMAFROST TO C
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147TEMPERATURE ('e)file shows a str
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149-IPL 5 'wt0.4t /-ASVYrnTE 0.4s m
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151century, as determined by analys
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER EFFECTS ON
Page 172 and 173:
155that structures in such environm
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157sow chronological control on cli
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159les, Ungava. Unpublished Ph.D. d
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Invited Soviet PapersMAJOR TRENDS I
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165The Institute's geochemists have
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DRILLING AND OPERATION OF GAS WELLS
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16968 69 71LATITUDE 72FIGURE 4 Appr
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171conditions:depth of gas hydrate
Page 190 and 191:
THE IMPACT OF INSTALLATIONS FOB THE
Page 192 and 193:
175matrix-type, reflecting the stru
Page 194 and 195:
ENGINEERING GEOCRYOLOGY IN THE USSR
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1 19previously such sites were gene
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181the settlement of the foundation
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I .................................
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185Stotsenko, V., 1912, Chasti zdan
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187where thawing may occur, as a ru
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189both cases (Grechishchev et al.
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19 1LLegend :1-4: Regions with diff
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193In the USSR widespread extremely
Page 213 and 214:
1961973) and the minimal heat of th
Page 215 and 216:
1986'6FIGURE: 2 Relationship betwee
Page 217 and 218:
EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN THE LATENT
Page 219 and 220:
202///-/ \/ \IaIII 1e-I/III I I 1 I
Page 221 and 222:
MASS TRANSFER IN THE SNOW COVEROF C
Page 223 and 224:
206i. 10 -344 48 1,Z 1,6 2,O & ,OC/
Page 225 and 226:
POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF FOAM CEMEN
Page 227 and 228:
210The regression equations that de
Page 229 and 230:
212hydrochemical samples of the sub
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214h5 1 Ghtsd501t-c40 L290n. i. I31
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216of water exchange conditions in
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!18regime-all these factors define
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~~220TABLE 2(contlnued)1 2 3 4 5 6G
Page 239 and 240:
ON THE PHYSICOCREMICAL PROPERTIES O
Page 241 and 242:
224010 /"0 I"Figure 3 Isotherms of
Page 243 and 244:
THE THERMAL REGIME OF PERMAFROSTSOI
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2 28FIGURE 1 The ratio (X> of the s
Page 247 and 248:
230Intense freezing from above soil
Page 249 and 250:
232dynamic impact is produced durin
Page 251 and 252:
234The influence of static pressure
Page 253 and 254:
A THEORY OF DESICCATION OF UNCONSOL
Page 255 and 256:
!383rd category being moisture in t
Page 257 and 258:
240external temperature field (the
Page 259 and 260:
THERMAL INTERACTION BETILTEN PIPELI
Page 261 and 262:
244TABLE 1 Classification of Constr
Page 263 and 264:
24 6= 1*09ps3(1 +E)pW.[a(wr-wo)+B(2
Page 265 and 266:
DEFORMATION OF FREEZING, "AWING,AND
Page 267 and 268:
250FIGURE 2 Diagram of the relation
Page 269 and 270:
252FIGURE 7 Relationship between th
Page 271 and 272:
254The values for ion run-off that
Page 273 and 274:
TABLE 3 Mobility of Elements in the
Page 275 and 276:
REFERENCESClimate Atlas of the USSR
Page 277 and 278:
2 60FIGURE 2 Vertical displacement
Page 279 and 280:
262FIGURF, 4 Deformation of the soi
Page 281 and 282:
ARTIFICIAL ICE MASSES IN ARCTIC SEA
Page 283 and 284:
266TABLE 2 Maximum resistance of ic
Page 285 and 286:
APPLICATION OF MICROWAVE ENERGY FOR
Page 287 and 288:
270EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF MI
Page 289 and 290:
REFERENCESRickenglass, L. E., and S
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I27420m0h 6Cd-- repssion V=l.1 cm1y
Page 293 and 294:
276owing to marine water salt diffu
Page 295 and 296:
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE: COMPACTION
Page 297 and 298:
280&0.8a6Q400sp = B ETwhere h, -FIG
Page 299 and 300:
THE THERMAL REGIME OF THERMOKARST L
Page 301 and 302:
284Syrdakh amounts to nearly 0.12 w
Page 303 and 304:
PREDICTION OF CONSTRUCTION CHARACTE
Page 305 and 306:
28 8Depending upon the vertical lev
Page 307 and 308:
ANALOG METHODS FOR DETERMINING LONG
Page 309 and 310:
292FIGURE 2 Compliance with X-param
Page 311 and 312:
294Vyalov (1978) and those based on
Page 313 and 314:
296removed after drilling is comple
Page 315 and 316:
egradient-pde uerficalgradientA5. O
Page 317 and 318:
STRESS-STRAIN CONDITION AND THE ASS
Page 319 and 320:
302eq. 11. and lore a ccurate valu
Page 321 and 322:
304TABLE 1 Calculation Results of M
Page 323 and 324:
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING TF!
Page 325 and 326:
308TABLE 1Composition and Structura
Page 327 and 328:
310tion: Zhurnal tekhnicheskoi fizi
Page 329 and 330:
312the pore water freezing in the b
Page 331 and 332:
314Yakutsk, Knizhnoe Izdatelstvo, p
Page 333 and 334:
316crust. It involves the use of a
Page 335 and 336:
Cryolithogenic deposits and their p
Page 338 and 339:
Other ContributionsWATER FLOWS INDU
Page 340 and 341:
323Advance). This relationship was
Page 342 and 343:
325EXCAVATION RESISTANCE OF FROZEN
Page 344 and 345:
~ ~~~~Gerald E. NelsonDepartment of
Page 346 and 347:
329Blocks in the diamicton reflecth
Page 348 and 349:
3310*IMETERPOlITlON AND ORIENTATION
Page 350 and 351:
ELECTRICAL TIJAIJING OF FROZETI SOI
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335if applicable), as is usually do
Page 354:
3372. Duration of time t for isothe
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340A.L. WASHBURN - Ladies and gentl
Page 359 and 360:
342every success to the new associa
Page 361 and 362:
344as the president of the newly fo
Page 364 and 365:
,Appendix A: Field TripsField trips
Page 366 and 367:
349EXPLANATION~ ~ and loess ; slope
Page 368 and 369:
35 1Stop 3. Troy P l d lecturing to
Page 370 and 371:
pushed to one side. The frozen grav
Page 372 and 373:
355form ice on the roadway have inv
Page 374 and 375:
357SELF
Page 376 and 377:
359FIELD TRIP A-2: FAIRBANKS TO PRU
Page 378 and 379:
361FIELD TRIP 8-3: DAWSON CITY TO T
Page 380 and 381:
363Participants inB-3 Field Trip1.2
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3651.2.3,4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.Parti
Page 384 and 385:
367FIELD TRIP B-6: PRUDHOE BAY AND
Page 386 and 387:
Appendix B: Formal ProgramMonday, J
Page 388 and 389:
371Zhu Yuanlin and D.L. Carbee. Cre
Page 390 and 391:
3734100 - 6:OO p.m.INVITED SOVIET S
Page 392 and 393:
375Koizumi, T. Alpine plant communi
Page 394:
37 7Harrison, W.D. and S.A. Bowling
Page 397 and 398:
380D.M. Murray, University of Alask
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382J.A. Hunter, Geological Survey o
Page 401 and 402:
384J. Svoboda, University of Toront
Page 403 and 404:
386Table 2 (cont'd).North American
Page 405 and 406:
388Jay BartonThe Barton GroupP.O. B
Page 407 and 408:
390Lome E. Carl sonFoothi 11 s Pipe
Page 409 and 410:
3 92Syl vai n Dufour Earl P. Ellis2
Page 411 and 412:
~Joan394Fabio and Roberta GoriFinic
Page 413 and 414:
396David HickokAEIDCUniversity of A
Page 415 and 416:
398Harry KieftePhysics DepartmentMe
Page 417 and 418:
400Davfd P. LuschCenter for Remote
Page 419 and 420:
40 2Joseph P. MooreSoi 1 Conservati
Page 421 and 422:
404John K. PetersenGeophysical Inst
Page 423 and 424:
40 6Greg Scharfen (A-1)World Data C
Page 425 and 426:
408Joe Svoboda (8-4)Dept. of Botany
Page 427 and 428:
410James and Sandra Wil is (8-3)Ang
Page 430:
Available Publications of Internati
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