Environmental Impact Assessment Programme (pdf) - Posiva

ForewordForewordOn the assignment of Posiva Oy (Posiva), Pöyry EnergyOy has prepared this EIA programme for the expansion ofthe repository for spent nuclear fuel planned at Olkiluoto.EIA programme refers to the plan for the environmentalimpact assessment as well as the arrangements forcommunications and participation relating to the aboveprepared by the organisation responsible for the project,i.e. Posiva. On the basis of the EIA programme and statementsissued on its basis, an environmental impact assessmentreport will be drawn up at a later phase of theEIA procedure.The Ministry of Employment and the Economy willact as the coordinating authority in the project’s EIA procedure.At Posiva, the EIA procedure is the responsibilityof the EIA project group. Mr. Markku Friberg, Safety Manager,acts as the project manager.The EIA programme has been prepared at the EnergyConsulting unit of Pöyry Energy Oy. Ms. Päivi Koski,M.A., serves as the consultation project manager. Ms.Pirkko Seitsalo, M.Sc. (Tech.), and Jaakko Savolahti, Lic.Sc. (Tech.), have participated in preparing the EIA programme.Eurajoki, 25 April 2008Posiva Oy3

Contact informationContact informationOrganisation responsible for the project: Posiva OyPostal address: Olkiluoto, FI-27160 EurajokiTelephone: +358 2 8372 31Contact person: Markku Friberg, tel. +358 2 8372 3730E-mail: markku.friberg@posiva.fiCoordinating authority: Ministry of Employment and the EconomyPostal address: P.O. Box 32, FI-00023 ValtioneuvostoTelephone: +358 10 606 000Contact person: Jaana Avolahti, tel. +358 10 60 64836E-mail: jaana.avolahti@tem.fiInternational hearing: Ministry of EnvironmentPostal address: P.O. Box 35, FI-00023 ValtioneuvostoTelephone: +358 20 490 100Contact person: Seija RantakallioE-Mail: seija.rantakallio@ymparisto.fiFurther information on the project will also be provided by:EIA consultant: Pöyry Energy OyPostal address: P.O. Box 93, FI-02151 EspooTelephone: +358 10 3311Contact person: Päivi KoskiE-mail: paivi.koski@poyry.com4

SummarySummaryPosiva Oy (hereinafter “Posiva”) has started an environmentalimpact assessment procedure (EIA procedure)concerning the expansion of the spent nuclear fuel repositorylocated in Olkiluoto. The repository will be expandedfrom the planned 9,000 tons of uranium by 3,000 tonsof uranium. After the expansion, the repository will havespace for 12,000 uranium-tons of spent nuclear fuel.The EIA procedure will assess the environmental impactsof the construction and operations of the expansioncovering 3,000 tons of uranium. The zero option to beassessed is that the project will not be carried out, meaningthat 9,000 tons of uranium can be disposed of in therepository in Olkiluoto. The residents of the area affectedby the project, as well as non-governmental and environmentalorganisations and other similar parties, will havean opportunity to present their opinions on the EIA programmeand the planned project. The Ministry of Employmentand the Economy (TEM), which acts as the coordinatingauthority in nuclear power projects, will announcethe public display of the assessment programme on theannouncement boards and newspapers of the municipalitiesof the affected area, as well as on the Ministry’swebsite. The announcement will provide further details onhow opinions may be presented.Based on the EIA programme and the opinions andstatements given about it, an EIA report will be prepared.It will present information about the project, its optionsand a uniform assessment of their environmental impacts.The report is to include information about any existingenvironmental reports and those prepared duringthe procedure. On the basis of the assessments and otherinformation, the EIA report will describe and assess, asrequired by EIA legislation, the impact of the project onair quality, groundwater, water systems, bedrock and soil,vegetation and animals as well as landscape and the builtenvironment. The assessment of the impacts on peopleand society will also be a central part of the assessment ofthe project’s environmental impacts.During the EIA procedure, information and discussionevents will be arranged for the general public. Inthese events, the participants will have an opportunityto express their opinions and receive information aboutthe project and its environmental impacts. The Ministryof Employment and the Economy will request statementsabout both the EIA programme and the EIA report from anumber of parties, and will also give its own statements.The assessment of transboundary environmentalimpacts has been agreed upon in Espoo Convention(67/1997). The parties to the Convention are entitled toparticipate in an environmental impact assessment procedurecarried out in Finland if the detrimental environmentalimpacts of the project being assessed are likely toaffect the state in question. The Ministry of the Environmentis responsible for the practical arrangements relatingto the international hearing concerning the assessmentof transboundary environmental impacts. The Ministry ofthe Environment will notify the environmental authoritiesof certain neighbouring states about the commencementof an EIA procedure, inquiring about their willingness toparticipate in it.The project’s EIA procedure is intended to be concludedat the beginning of 2009. The expansion of the repositoryis subject to a decision-in-principle issued by theGovernment and ratified by Parliament as well as licencedecisions pursuant to a number of laws. If the project proceedsto a phase where a decision is made to apply fora decision-in-principle and the required licences, the environmentalimpact assessment report will be appendedto the decision-in-principle application and to the licenceapplications.5

Table of contentsTable of contentsForeword............................................................................................................................................................ 3Contact information .........................................................................................................................................4Summary........................................................................................................................................................... 5Table of contents ..............................................................................................................................................6Glossary............................................................................................................................................................. 81 Project....................................................................................................................................................111.1 Organisation responsible for the project......................................................................................111.2 Purpose and justification for the project.......................................................................................111.3 Background of the project..............................................................................................................111.4 Location of the project and need for land.....................................................................................131.5 Project schedule.............................................................................................................................131.6 Links to other projects, plans and programmes.......................................................................... 142 EIA procedure........................................................................................................................................173 Plan for communications and participation.........................................................................................213.1 Audit group work............................................................................................................................213.2 Information and discussion events on the project’s environmental impacts.............................213.3 Public display of the assessment programme and international hearing.................................. 223.4 The coordinating authority’s statement on the EIA programme................................................ 223.5 Public display of the assessment report....................................................................................... 223.6 The coordinating authority’s statement on the EIA report.......................................................... 223.7 Other communications................................................................................................................. 224 The options under assessment ........................................................................................................... 254.1 Implementation option................................................................................................................. 254.2 Zero option.................................................................................................................................... 254.3 Current situation........................................................................................................................... 254.4 Limits of environmental impact assessment...............................................................................264.5 Options excluded from the inspection.........................................................................................265 Description of the respository..............................................................................................................295.1 Design status.................................................................................................................................295.2 Design criteria for final disposal...................................................................................................295.3 Research work and reports prepared............................................................................................ 305.4 Accumulation of spent nuclear fuel...............................................................................................315.5 Description of the repository and disposal technology................................................................315.5.1 Verifying inspection stage................................................................................................315.5.2 Construction stage...........................................................................................................315.5.3 Operating stage............................................................................................................... 325.5.4 Closing stage and recoverability of disposed nuclear fuel..............................................336 Present state of the environment............................................................................................ 356.1 Operations located in the environment of Olkiluoto and land ownership................................356.2 Status of land use planning........................................................................................................ 366

Table of contents6.3 The present landscape and cultural environment...................................................................... 396.4 The current status of the climate and air quality........................................................................406.5 Water system description............................................................................................................ 416.6 Soil and bedrock conditions in Olkiluoto................................................................................... 416.7 Groundwater ............................................................................................................................... 436.8 Flora and fauna............................................................................................................................446.9 Present state of protection areas in Olkiluoto .......................................................................... 456.10 People and communities in the vicinity of Olkiluoto................................................................. 476.11 Traffic .......................................................................................................................................... 476.12 The current noise status of the Olkiluoto area.......................................................................... 477 Environmental impact assessment and the methods used therein...................................................497.1 General.........................................................................................................................................497.2 Assessment of impacts...............................................................................................................497.2.1 Assessment of environmental impacts during construction.........................................497.2.2 Assessment of environmental impacts from transport of spent nuclear fueland other traffic...............................................................................................................497.2.3 Assessment of impacts on land use, cultural heritage, buildings and structures........497.2.4 Assessment of soil, bedrock and groundwater impacts................................................ 507.2.5 Assessment of air and air quality impacts.......................................................................517.2.6 Assessment of water system impacts..............................................................................517.2.7 Assessment of the impacts of waste and by-products and their treatment...................517.2.8 Assessment of the impacts of noise and vibration.........................................................517.2.9 Assessment of impacts on vegetation, animals and objects of protection...................517.2.10 Assessment of impacts on utilisation of natural resources...........................................517.2.11 Assessment of impacts on humans................................................................................517.2.12 Impacts on community structure, local economy and the image of themunicipality of Eurajoki................................................................................................... 527.3 Assessment of the impacts of exceptional and accident situations.......................................... 527.4 Assessment of long-term safety ................................................................................................. 527.5 Assessment of associated projects..............................................................................................537.6 Assessment of zero-option impacts............................................................................................537.7 Comparison of alternatives..........................................................................................................538 Legislation and guidelines regarding final disposal of nuclear fuel.....................................................559 Licences, permits, plans, notifications and decisions required for the project...................................579.1 Land use planning........................................................................................................................579.2 Environmental impact assessment and international hearing...................................................579.3 Decisions, licences and permits pursuant to the Nuclear Energy Act ......................................579.3.1 Decision-in-principle........................................................................................................579.3.2 Construction licence........................................................................................................ 589.3.3 Operating licence............................................................................................................ 589.4 Notifications pursuant to the Euratom Treaty............................................................................ 599.5 Other permits ............................................................................................................................. 5910 Mitigation of adverse impacts.............................................................................................................. 6111 Uncertainty factors............................................................................................................................... 6112 Project impact monitoring................................................................................................................... 61Base map material: © National Land Survey of Finland, licence number 48/MLL/08, © Affecto Finland Oy, licencenumber L 7630/08.7

GlossaryGlossaryAccess tunnelActivityBarrierBentoniteCanisterEIAEncapsulation plantEURATOMFuel assemblyHydrogeochemical modelHydrological modelIAEAICRPIonisationIonising radiationKBS-3HKBS-3VKPA StoreKTMMultibarrier principleAn inclined driveway (ramp) with an inclination of 1:10 running inside the bedrockfrom the surface to the disposal level; the main access way of the underground researchfacility, ONKALO.The number of spontaneous nuclear disintegrations occurring in a given quantity ofradioactive material within a certain time. The unit of radioactivity, becquerel (Bq),equals one disintegration per second.The purpose of a barrier is to prevent radionuclides from drifting in the disposal system.Barriers include capsules, barrier bentonite and the bedrock. Barriers are alsocalled release barriers.Bentonite is a natural type of clay created as a result of volcanic ash transforming.A special feature of bentonite clay is its expansion as a consequence of moisture(wetting). Bentonite has been planned to be used as a barrier material between thecanister and bedrock and as a filling material in repositories.A technical release barrier intended for the disposal of spent fuel assemblies and builtof a copper overpack, bottom and lids and a cast iron insert.Environmental impact assessment.A plant where spent nuclear fuel is placed into a disposal canister and sealed.The European Union’s (EU) European Atomic Energy Community. Finland is a member.A fuel assembly consists of fuel rods where the uranium used as nuclear fuel is placed.The fuel rods are assembled using spacers and tie plates. In certain fuel types theassembly is surrounded by a metal casing called a flow channel.A modelled description of the chemical features of groundwater and affecting processes.A modelled description of the physical features and conditions of groundwater andgroundwater flow.International Atomic Energy Agency.International Commission on Radiological Protection.Changes in an atom’s electron structure that can cause changes in molecules, suchas DNA.Electromagnetic radiation and particle radiation causing ionisation directly or indirectly.A principle solution for disposal based on the multi-barrier principle. The first releasebarrier (i.e. canister) is placed inside the bedrock in a horizontal position(H=horizontal).A principle solution for disposal based on the multi-barrier principle. The first releasebarrier (i.e. canister) is placed inside the bedrock in a vertical position (V=vertical).Interim storage facility for spent fuel.Ministry of Trade and Industry, the duties of which were transferred to the newMinistry of Employment and the Economy on 1 January 2008.Disposal is carried out so that radionuclides must penetrate a number of successiveindependent barriers before being able to access living nature.8

GlossaryNatura 2000Natural backgroundradiationNTNuclideONKALORadioactiveRadioactivityRadionuclideReprocessingSpent fuelSTUKTEMTown planTransportation containerUraniumVLJ RepositoryVUYVL GuideA network of conservation areas in accordance with the EU’s Habitats Directive, theparticular purpose of which is to protect endangered, rare or natural environments,animals and plants in European nature.Radiation originating from natural radioactive substances and the space.Near Threatened (conservation status).A nuclide is the nucleus of an atom which has a defined proton number (Z) and adefined neutron number (N).An underground rock characterisation facility for the final disposal of spent nuclearfuel.A radioactive substance contains atom nuclei that can transform or decay into othernuclei. Decay generally creates ionising radiation (e.g. alpha, beta and gamma radiation).See radioactivity.A feature of the atom nucleus (nuclide) to transform by itself into another nucleus(nuclide). A radioactive nucleus can send an alpha or a beta particle transforming intoanother nucleus that can send electromagnetic radiation. The transformation is calledradioactive decay. Each atom nucleus (nuclide) has a characteristic decay constant(half life).A radioactive nuclide. See nuclide.Separation of useful nuclides from spent nuclear fuel. Remaining fission products andpart of transuranic elements.Nuclear fuel is referred to as spent when it has been removed from the reactor. Spentfuel emits high doses of radiation.Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority.Ministry of Employment and the Economy that took over the duties of the Ministry ofTrade and Industry on 1 January 2008.A town plan presents detailed definitions for organising the use of an area.A radiation-protected custom-made container intended for the transportation andshort-term storage of spent nuclear fuel. In addition to radiation protection, the containerprovides mechanical and thermal protection during transportation, handlingand storage. The term ‘transport cask’ can also be used.An element with the chemical symbol U. Uranium comprises 0.0004% of the earth’scrust (four grams in a tonne). All uranium isotopes are radioactive. Natural uraniumis mostly in the form of isotope U-238, which has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. Only0.72% of natural uranium is in the form of isotope U-235, which can be used as nuclearfuel. Its half-life is 700 million years.A final repository for low- and intermediate-level operating waste.Vulnerable (conservation status).An authority guide published by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority describingthe requirement levels for radiation and nuclear safety control. The safety requirementsfor the use of nuclear energy are described in the YVL Guide.9

1 Project1 ProjectPosiva Oy (hereinafter “Posiva”) is inspecting the expansionof the repository for spent nuclear fuel located inOlkiluoto by 3,000 tons of uranium so that the repositorycan hold 12,000 uranium-tons of spent nuclear fuel insteadof the previously planned 9,000 tons of uranium.Posiva has started the environmental impact assessmentprocedure (EIA procedure) concerning the expansionof its repository and is preparing to take into accountthe disposal of spent fuel of any new nuclear power plantprojects of its owners Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (“TVO”)and Fortum Power and Heat Oy (“Fortum”). On the basisof the ongoing EIA projects of Posiva’s owners, the totalvolume of spent fuel is estimated to increase to about12,000 tons of uranium. The expansion of the repositoryrequires that the environmental impact assessment procedureis carried out.Any decisions regarding construction have not beenmade and the actual design process for the expansionproject has not been initiated. The expansion of the repositoryis subject to a decision-in-principle issued bythe Government and ratified by Parliament. The EIA reportmust be completed before the possible applicationfor a decision-in-principle concerning the expansion ofthe repository can be submitted. Last time, the environmentalimpacts of Posiva’s repository were assessedcomprehensively in connection with the repository’s EIAprocedure in 1999, covering the disposal of 9,000 tonsof uranium. Currently, Posiva is preparing an up-to-datereport of the repository’s environmental impacts with anemphasis on the environmental impacts of the disposalof 9,000 tons of uranium. This report acts as the startingpoint of the EIA report to be prepared in the EIA procedure.1.1 Organisation responsible for the projectPosiva is an expert organisation specialising in nuclearwaste management, established in 1995. Posiva’s task isto define, plan and conduct the required research, development,planning and construction work and implementationof the disposal. Posiva is owned by TVO (60% ownership)and Fortum (40% ownership).Posiva is responsible for conducting research on thedisposal of spent nuclear fuel of its owners, for buildingand using the repository and for closing the repositoryafter operations. In 2007, Posiva had about 70 employees.The company’s annual turnover amounted to EUR 47million in 2007. The company operates in Olkiluoto, themunicipality of Eurajoki.1.2 Purpose and justification for the projectThe Nuclear Energy Act (990/1987) prescribes that nuclearwaste generated in connection with or as a result ofuse of nuclear energy in Finland shall be handled, storedand permanently disposed of in Finland. According to theact, nuclear energy companies shall be responsible for allprocedures related to the maintenance of the waste theyhave produced, and their appropriate preparation and relatedexpenses.Both owners of Posiva, TVO and Fortum, have carriedout an environmental impact assessment procedure in2007–2008 concerning the construction of a new nuclearpower plant unit. The companies have reported that it ispossible that they both will advance to apply for a decision-in-principle.If implemented, these would be the sixthand seventh plant units of Posiva’s owners in Finland. TheEIA procedure carried out by Posiva in 1998–1999 coveredthe disposal of spent fuel for six plant units. If TVO andFortum advance to apply for a decision-in-principle, Posivamust carry out an EIA procedure taking into accountthe seventh nuclear power plant unit. The seventh powerplant unit is estimated to produce spent nuclear fuelamounting to some 3,000 tons of uranium. At the beginningof 2008, Posiva decided to start the environmentalimpact assessment procedure for expanding the repositoryby 3,000 tons of uranium, after which the repositorywill have space for 12,000 tons of spent fuel instead of theprevious 9,000 tons.1.3 Background of the projectPosiva has carried out an environmental impact assessmentprocedure (EIA procedure) related to the repository11

1 Projectin 1998–1999. In its statement regarding the assessmentreport, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (1/815/98, 5 November1999) stated that Posiva has inspected the projectand its alternatives in accordance with the statement issuedby the ministry regarding the EIA programme. Anychanges in the accumulation of the nuclear fuel to be disposedof were taken into account in the assessment sothat its maximum volume corresponded to 9,000 tons ofuranium.The basic solution used in the assessment was the disposalof spent nuclear fuel produced by the Olkiluoto 1 and2 and Loviisa 1 and 2 plant units over 40 operating years,meaning a total amount of about 2,600 tons of uranium.The assessment also considered a situation where the lifespan of the aforementioned units would be 60 years. Inthis situation, the total accumulation of spent nuclear fuelwould be about 4,000 tons of uranium. Furthermore, theassessment took into consideration a situation where thespent nuclear fuel produced by two new plant units to bebuilt in Finland would be disposed of into the repositoryin addition to the spent nuclear fuel produced in the fouraforementioned plant units.In December 2000, the Government made, based onPosiva’s application, a decision-in-principle, according towhich the construction of the repository in Olkiluoto inEurajoki is in the overall interests of society. The Governmentstated that the requirements of the principle-in-decisionwere fulfilled because the municipality of Eurajokihad, in January 2000, issued a licence to build the repositoryin Olkiluoto. In addition, the Radiation and NuclearSafety Authority was in favour of the project in its preliminarysafety assessment. Through the decision-in-principleprepared by the Government and ratified by Parliament inMay 2001, Posiva has concentrated its research in Olkiluoto.According to the decision-in-principle, an amount ofspent nuclear fuel corresponding to a maximum of 4,000tons of uranium can be processed and disposed of in therepository.A decision-in-principle concerning the fifth nuclearpower plant unit (OL3) to be built in Finland was made in2002. At the same time, a decision-in-principle concerningthe construction of the repository for spent nuclear fuel asan expanded facility was made, based on Posiva’s previousapplication, so that spent fuel from OL3 can be disposedof in the repository. According to this decision-in-principle,disposal facilities can be built for the maximum amount ofspent nuclear fuel as required by the disposal requirements,however for a maximum of 2,500 tons of uranium. On thisbasis and together with the Government’s decision-inprincipleissued in December 2000, a maximum of 6,500uranium-tons of spent nuclear fuel can be processed anddisposed of in the repository in question.The extended decision-in-principle states that theenvironmental impact assessment procedure carried in1998–1999 covers the project to such an extent that thespent nuclear fuel produced by the operations of the fourplant units and the possible two new plant units can beprocessed and disposed of in the repository.In its letter dated 29 May 2007, Posiva has requestedthe Ministry of Trade and Industry to express its opinionregarding whether Posiva must carry out a fresh environmentalimpact assessment procedure pursuant to the EIAAct for its project regarding the final disposal of spentnuclear fuel because of the possible sixth nuclear powerplant unit of its owners. The Ministry of Trade and Industryprovided its statement regarding the necessity of theEIA procedure on 25 October 2007, stating that the EIAprocedure carried out by Posiva during 1998–1999 doescover the environmental impact assessment of the finaldisposal of spent nuclear fuel coming from the sixth nuclearpower plant unit. However, this is conditional: thetotal amount of fuel to be finally disposed of must be lessthan 9,000 tons of uranium.The spent nuclear fuel from the sixth plant unit assessedin the EIA procedure in 1998–1999 is not covered by thecurrent decisions-in-principle; instead, a separate decisionin-principlemust be made for the final disposal accordingto the Nuclear Energy Act. For the process of consideringthe decision-in-principle, the Ministry of Trade and Industryrequires that the application for the decision-in-principle isto include an up-to-date report of the repository’s environmentalimpacts with an emphasis on the environmentalimpacts of the disposal of the spent nuclear fuel producedby the new nuclear power plant unit.12

1 ProjectFigure 1-1 The location of Eurajoki and Olkiluoto. Eurajoki is located along highway 8.The decision-in-principle is not a final decision onbuilding the facility, as it will require a construction licencegranted by the Government. According to the decisionissued by the Ministry of Trade and Industry in 2003(9/815/2003), the process for the final disposal of spentfuel must progress so that the material required by theconstruction licence application will be complete by theend of 2012. In the same decision, the ministry set a newinterim objective for 2009, by which time a status reportof the construction licence application material must bepresented. An up-to-date report of the repository’s environmentalimpacts must be enclosed with the constructionlicence application.Posiva will carry out an EIA procedure for the expansionof the repository, covering 3,000 uranium-tons ofspent nuclear fuel. The said fuel amount is estimated tobe produced by the FIN7 unit during its life span. The finaldisposal of spent nuclear fuel of the new nuclear powerplant unit will begin in the 2070s at the earliest.1.4 Location of the project and need for landPosiva’s repository is located on the west coast of Finland,on Olkiluoto Island in the municipality of Eurajoki (Figure1-1). The distance from Olkiluoto to the nearest town, Rauma,is approximately 13 kilometres, 25 kilometres by road.The distance by road from Pori to Olkiluoto is approximately54 kilometres. The distance from highway 8 to therepository is approximately 14 kilometres. The neighbouringcountry closest to the repository is Sweden where theland areas located closest to the repository are located tothe west of the repository at a distance of about 200 km.The repository area for spent nuclear fuel is locatedin the middle of Olkiluoto Island. The aboveground constructionarea of the repository area (i.e. the area of buildings,roads, storages and fields) is a total of 20 hectares.The area required by the underground repository sectionis about 250 hectares.1.5 Project scheduleA decision regarding the expansion of the repository orsubmitting a decision-in-principle to the Government hasnot been made.The research and design stage aimed at preparing forthe construction of the repository will be continued until2012. During 2013–2020, the detailed implementationdesign required by the repository will be made and therepository will be constructed. The final disposal of spentnuclear fuel is scheduled to start in 2020.Figure 1-2 shows the final disposal schedule based oncalculations, including the impact of the plant units in use13

1 Projectand that of the OL3 unit under construction. In addition,the figure shows an estimate of the impact of the newplanned plant units on the disposal schedule. The encapsulationof spent nuclear fuel from the new nuclear powerplant unit will begin in the 2070s at the earliest.1.6 Links to other projects, plans andprogrammesOlkiluoto nuclear power plantTVO’s nuclear power plant units OL1 and OL2 are located onthe west side of Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. They have been built in1973–1980. Both plant units have a rated electrical output of860 MW. Furthermore, the rated electrical output of the OL3plant unit under construction will be approximately 1,600 MW.It is scheduled to start commercial operation in 2011.Loviisa nuclear power plantThe current Loviisa nuclear power plant units LO1 andLO2 are located on Hästholmen Island in Loviisa approximately80 km east of Helsinki. The rated electrical outputof both Loviisa plant units is approximately 490 MW.EIA procedures of TVO and FortumBoth owners of Posiva, TVO and Fortum, carried out an environmentalimpact assessment procedure in 2007–2008concerning the construction of a new nuclear power plantunit. TVO studied the expansion of the Olkiluoto nuclearpower plant by a fourth plant unit and Fortum examinedthe expansion of the Loviisa nuclear power plant by a thirdplant unit. These nuclear power plant units would bothproduce an electrical output of 1,000–1,800 MW. Thecompanies have reported that it is possible that they bothwill proceed to apply for a decision-in-principle.National land use objectivesThe area’s land use plans and planning situation arepresented in Chapter 6.2.USE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSLoviisa 1 - 2Olkiluoto 1 - 2Olkiluoto 3FIN6 / FIN72000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120PREPARATIONS FORFINAL DISPOSALConstruction of ONKALO,supplementary research and designConstruction and introductionof the repositoryConstruction licence application 2012Operating licence application 2018FINAL DISPOSALLoviisa 1 - 2Olkiluoto 1 - 2Olkiluoto 3FIN6 / FIN7DECOMMISSIONINGAND SEALINGFigure 1-2. The planned operating periods for TVO’s Olkiluoto and Fortum’s Loviisa nuclear power plant unitsand the schedules of final disposal operations for their spent nuclear fuel.14

151 Project

2 EIA procedure2 EIA procedureFacilities intended for the processing, storage and finaldisposal of nuclear waste created through the productionof nuclear energy fall within the scope of the Act on theEnvironmental Impact Assessment Procedure (EIA Act468/1994) and require an environmental impact assessment.The objective of the environmental impact assessment(EIA) procedure is to promote the assessment and uniformobservation of environmental impacts in planningand decision-making. Another objective of the procedureis to increase the opportunities for citizens to be informed,become involved in the planning of projects and expresstheir opinions on the project.Thus the EIA procedure does not make any decisionsconcerning the project or resolve any licensing issues; itsobjective is to produce information to serve as a basis fordecision-making.The parties involved in Posiva’s EIA procedure are presentedin Figure 2-1.The EIA procedure includes a programme stage anda report stage. The environmental impact assessmentprogramme (EIA programme) is a plan for arranging anenvironmental impact assessment procedure and the requiredreviews.The EIA programme is to be submitted to the coordinatingauthority at the initial stage of the EIA procedure.The Ministry of Employment and the Economy acts as thecoordinating authority for projects associated with nuclearfacilities referred to in the Nuclear Energy Act. The Ministryof Employment and the Economy will announce the publicdisplay of the assessment programme by means such as localnewspapers and the Ministry’s website. The announcementwill specify the period during which opinions on theEIA programme may be presented by the public.Posiva Oy(organisation responsiblefor the project)Pöyry Energy Oy(EIA consultant)Ministry of Employment and theEconomy(coordinating authority)EIA PROCEDUREMinistry of Environment(international hearing)EIA audit groupMediaRadiation and Nuclear Safety Authority(STUK),Safety Technology Authority (TUKES)TVO, Fortum, Municipality of EurajokiOther municipalities and towns withinthe project’s area of impactOther authorities and expertsCivic and environmental organisationsNeighbours and citizens in the surroundingareasUnions and supervisory organisationsPrivate citizensFigure 2-1. The parties involved in Posiva’s EIA procedure.17

2 EIA procedureThe Ministry of Employment and the Economy willcompile the statements and opinions on the EIA programmeand provide its own statement. An EIA report willbe prepared on the basis of the EIA programme and theopinions and statements.The EIA report will present information about theproject and a coherent assessment of its environmentalimpacts resulting from the assessment procedure. TheEIA programme is to present the following:− the options under assessment− the present state of the environment− the environmental impacts of the various optionsand the zero option, as well as the significance ofthese impacts− a comparison of the assessed options− measures to prevent and mitigate adverse impacts− a proposal for an environmental impact assessmentmonitoring programme− actions taken to facilitate interaction and involvementduring the EIA procedure− how the ministry’s statement on the EIA programmehas been taken into account in the assessment.Once the EIA report is completed, citizens may presenttheir opinions on it. Official bodies will provide statementson the EIA report.The EIA procedure is completed when the Ministry ofEmployment and the Economy provides its statement onthe EIA report. The licensing authorities and the organisationresponsible for the project will use the assessmentreport and the Ministry’s statement as base material fortheir decision-making.The central stages and planned schedule for the EIAprocedure are presented in Figure 2-2.Work stage 20082009EIA procedure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 21 st stagePreparing the assessment programmeAssessment programme to the coordinating authorityAssessment programme on public displayCoordinating authority’s statement2 st stagePreparing the assessment reportAssessment report to the coordinating authorityAssessment report on public displayCoordinating authority’s statementParticipation and interactionAudit GroupPublic eventsAuthority negotiationsFigure 2-2. Planned schedule for the EIA procedure.18

192 EIA procedure

3 Plan for communications andparticipation3 Plan for communications and participationOne of the crucial objectives of the EIA procedure is topromote communications about the project and improvethe opportunities for public participation. The followingis a presentation of the communications and interactionin the EIA procedure in accordance with the stages of theEIA procedure.3.1 Audit group workAn audit group consisting of different interest groups wasestablished to monitor the EIA procedure. The purpose ofthe audit group is to promote the flow and exchange ofinformation between the organisation responsible for theproject, the authorities and other interest groups. The followingparties were invited to the audit group:− Town of Rauma− Municipality of Eurajoki− Municipality of Eura− Municipality of Kiukainen− Municipality of Lappi− Municipality of Luvia− Municipality of Nakkila− Ministry of Employment and the Economy− Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK)− Provincial State Office of Western Finland− Southwest Finland Regional Environment Centre− Western Finland Environmental Permit Authority− Satakunta Regional Council− Safety Technology Authority (TUKES)− Satakunta Regional District of the Finnish Associationfor Nature Conservation− TE Centre for Satakunta− Satakunta Fire and Rescue Department− Rauman seudun kehitys Oy− Fortum− TVOAt its meetings the audit group discusses the progressof the environmental impact assessment and presentsopinions on the preparation of the EIA programme, theEIA report and the supporting reviews. The audit groupconvened once during the EIA programme stage. Themeeting was held on 8 April 2008 and presented theproject, the EIA procedure and the draft for the EIA programmeto the audit group representatives. At the auditgroup’s meeting, the following issues gave rise to discussion:the definition of the zero option, the inspection areafor the impact of traffic, the tightness of the final disposalcanisters, the need for land use in the repository and theimpact assessment methods targeted at the bedrock andgroundwater.Comments and clarifications received during and afterthe meeting were taken into account in the preparation ofthe EIA programme to the largest possible extent as far asthey concerned the EIA programme. Otherwise, any commentswill be taken into account in the implementation ofthe EIA procedure and in the EIA report.The audit group will convene the next time to discussthe EIA report in its draft stage.3.2 Information and discussion events on theproject’s environmental impactsA public event for the nearby and holiday residents ofOlkiluoto was arranged in Vuojoki Mansion in Eurajoki on19 March 2008. The project and the EIA procedure werepresented in the event. The residents had an opportunityto present questions and comments relating to the project.The following topics were discussed in the meeting: newprojects planned in Olkiluoto, land use and the location ofthe repository in Olkiluoto, reprocessing of spent nuclearfuel, increase in the bedrock temperature caused by finaldisposal, radiation effects of the repository, the locationof the encapsulation plant, estimates on electricity consumption,production methods and the suitability of thebedrock for final disposal.The Ministry of Employment and the Economy and Posivawill organise information and discussion events forthe public after the completion of the environmental impactassessment programme and report. At the events thegeneral public will have the opportunity to express opinionson the EIA work and its sufficiency. The first publicevent will be arranged in Eurajoki on 20 May 2008. Thepublic will have the opportunity to receive informationabout and discuss the EIA procedure with representatives21

3 Plan for communications and participationof the ministry and Posiva and the authors of the EIA programme.The next information and discussion event willbe arranged during the EIA report phase.Posiva will organise small group meetings for the citizensof Olkiluoto during the EIA procedure. As a result,various interest groups can express their views on issuesand impacts important to them.3.3 Public display of the assessment programmeand international hearingOnce the assessment programme is completed, the Ministryof Employment and the Economy will announce itspublic display on the announcement boards in Eurajokiand the surrounding municipalities, in the main newspapersof the region and in major national papers.The announcement will specify the location where theprogramme will be on display during the assessment procedure.Written opinions on the EIA programme must besubmitted to the Ministry of Employment and the Economywithin the specified deadline. According to the EIAAct, the deadline shall be no less than 30 and no morethan 60 days after the publication of the announcement.The Ministry of Employment and the Economy will also requeststatements on the EIA programme from a numberof parties.The Ministry of the Environment is responsible forthe practical arrangements relating to the internationalhearing referred to in the UN Economic Commission forEurope (UNECE) Convention on Environmental ImpactAssessment in a Transboundary Context (67/1997). TheMinistry of the Environment will notify the environmentalauthorities of certain neighbouring States about the commencementof an EIA procedure associated with the expansionproject of the Posiva’s repository, inquiring abouttheir willingness to participate in it. The notification will beaccompanied by a Swedish and/or English translation ofthe EIA programme and a summary document of the EIAprogramme translated into other necessary languages.3.4 The coordinating authority’s statement onthe EIA programmeThe Ministry of Employment and the Economy will compilethe statements and opinions provided on the EIA programmeby different parties. The coordinating authoritywill also provide its own statement on the EIA programmewithin one month of the conclusion of the period of publicdisplay. The statement will be on public display at thesame locations where the EIA programme was available.The EIA report will be prepared on the basis of the EIAprogramme, the opinions and statements received on itand the statement of the coordinating authority.3.5 Public display of the assessment reportThe Ministry of Employment and the Economy will announcethe public display of the assessment report oncePosiva has submitted the assessment report for publicdisplay. The public display will be arranged similarly tothat of the assessment programme. According to theEIA Act, the deadline for submitting opinions and statementsto the coordinating authority shall be no less than30 and no more than 60 days after the publication of theannouncement.3.6 The coordinating authority’s statement onthe EIA reportThe EIA procedure is completed when the Ministry of Employmentand the Economy provides its statement on theEIA report. This will take place within two months of thedeadline set for submitting opinions and statements.3.7 Other communicationsPosiva will provide information on the project throughpress releases and on Posiva’s website. Posiva will alsouse its Posiva Tutkii magazine for communications.Two summary brochures will also be prepared forcommunications. The first summary will be prepared afterthe completion of the EIA programme. It will presentthe project, EIA programme and the progress of the futureEIA procedure. The second summary will be prepared afterthe completion of the EIA report. It will present theproject and the key results of the environmental impactassessment.For the duration of the EIA procedure, an informationpoint will be open at the visitors’ centre in Olkiluoto,displaying and distributing material concerning the EIAprocedure and the outcome of the environmental impactassessment.The EIA programme, as well as the EIA report,will be available for viewing on the websites of Posiva(www.posiva.fi) and the Ministry of Employment and theEconomy (www.tem.fi).22

233 Plan for communications and participation

4 The options under assessment4 the options under assessment4.1 Implementation optionThe expansion of the repository by 3,000 tons of uraniumwill be studied as the main option. After the expansionthe repository will have space for 12,000 uranium-tons ofspent fuel instead of the previously planned 9,000 tonsof uranium. The expansion will only concern the undergroundfacilities for final disposal.4.2 Zero optionThe zero option to be studied is a situation where Posiva’srepository will not be expanded and a maximum of 9,000tons of uranium can be disposed of in the repository.In the zero option, the spent nuclear fuel of six nuclearpower plant units can be disposed of in the Olkiluoto repository.As a result, spent fuel from the seventh nuclearpower plant unit will be stored in water basins in the spentfuel storage.The final disposal of spent nuclear fuel from six nuclearpower plant units is estimated to terminate in 2120,after which the repository will be closed.4.3 Current situationPosiva’s previous EIA report, the description of the currentenvironmental status and the estimated changes inthe environment caused by the implementation of the repositoryof 9,000 tons of uranium form the basis for inspectingthe implementation option. Posiva’s current andplanned operations will be described on the basis of theprevious EIA report and research and design informationfrom the previous years. The current environmental statusand the estimated changes in it will be described on thebasis of the available material illustrating the status of theenvironment.25

4 the options under assessment4.4 Limits of environmental impact assessmentThe EIA procedure will primarily assess the environmentalimpacts of operations taking place on the power plantsite and transportation of spent nuclear fuel. In additionto the transportation of spent fuel, operations extendingbeyond the area include traffic during the expansion of thefacility’s underground section and during the repository’sfinal disposal operations. The impacts of these operationswill also be assessed to the required extent.In connection with the EIA procedure, it will also beassessed whether the project will have impacts extendingbeyond Finnish territory. At this stage, the project is notdeemed to have any significant impacts on the neighbouringcountries.The project’s combined impacts together with otherknown projects under planning will be inspected in connectionwith the environmental impact assessment. Thecombined effects with present operations in the area willbe examined as part of the impact assessment.In this context, observed area refers to the area definedfor each type of impact within which the environmentalimpact in question is examined and assessed.The extent of the observed area depends on the environmentalimpact being examined. Affected area refers tothe area within which the environmental impact is estimatedto occur in accordance with the assessment. Theaffected areas are probably substantially smaller than theobserved areas.The intention was to define the observed area to beso large that significant environmental impacts cannotbe expected to manifest outside the area. If, however, itbecomes apparent during the assessment work that aspecific environmental impact has a respective affectedarea larger than estimated, the scope of the observed andaffected areas will, in that connection, be redefined withregard to the impact in question. The actual definition ofaffected areas will thus be carried out in the environmentalimpact assessment report as a result of the assessmentwork.4.5 Options excluded from the inspectionThere are two principal methods for processing spentfuel: it is either stored until final disposal or transportedfor reprocessing. In reprocessing, fissile uranium and plutoniumare separated from the fuel.Spent fuel is not reprocessed in Finland and there is noreprocessing plant for spent nuclear fuel in Finland. Accordingto the Nuclear Energy Act, spent nuclear fuel producedin Finland must be processed, stored and disposedof, in a manner intended to be permanent, in Finland. Reprocessingis not technically or financially feasible.The expansion of the repository would be implementedover a long period of time and it is theoretically possiblethat reprocessing will be a realistic option in the future ifthe use of nuclear energy increases.Different forms of reprocessing are being studied butthey are not currently realistic options in Finnish nuclearwaste management. All future reprocessing options willcreate nuclear waste to be disposed of, and the amount ofthe waste and the capacity requirements of the repositorycannot be accurately predicted.The assessment report will present a review of thecurrent status of reprocessing and nuclide transmutationmethods and their future outlook.26

274 the options under assessment

5 Description of the repository5 Description of the repository5.1 Design status1. Canister2. Bentonite buffer3. Backfilling material4. BedrockFigure 5-1. Multi-barrier principle for final disposal. Differentbarriers back-up each other.The work to develop the final disposal solution began atthe beginning of the 1980s soon after the introduction ofnuclear power plants. The work has progressed in stagesaccording to the programme decided upon in 1983. Disposalsite inspections were carried out in 1983–1999, andOlkiluoto in Eurajoki was selected as the final disposal locationfrom among four options in 1999.The period from 2000 to 2012 includes research, developmentand planning operations for Olkiluoto. Theperiod is characterised by the construction of the undergroundresearch facility called ONKALO and undergroundresearch carried out in the facility. The underground researchhelps to accumulate knowledge about the final disposallocation for applying for the construction licence in2012. Aboveground research will be continued in additionto underground research work.During 2013–2020, the detailed implementation plansrequired by the repository will be produced. During thisperiod, the aboveground buildings required for the repository,the underground facilities important for the operationsand the first disposal facilities will be built. Theoperation licence application for the repository will besubmitted to the Government by the end of 2018. Test useof the repository is to begin in 2019. Final disposal operationsare to begin during 2020. The detailed plans concerningthe expansion now under assessment will only betopical after decades, maybe only after a hundred years.Currently, the repository is at the draft design stage.It is designed at several rather different levels simultaneously:partly at the concept level, and partly in great detail.New components and solutions have been introduced tothe repository designs over recent years. The designs arealso to be kept flexible in order to accommodate futurechanges.5.2 Design criteria for final disposalThe long-term safety concept of the final disposal solutionis based on the multi-barrier principle (i.e. several releasebarriers securing each other) so that the deficiency of onebarrier will not compromise long-term safety. Release barriersinclude a canister, barrier bentonite, disposal tunnelfilling and intact bedrock around the disposal facilities.The technical basic solutions, such as a canister and barriermaterial around the canister, are the same both in horizontaland vertical solutions (see Figure 5-5). The multibarrierprinciple for final disposal is shown in Figure 5-1.The purpose of the gas- and water-tight canister is toinsulate spent fuel inside the canister. Disposal capsulesare massive metal casks. Their insert is made of nodulargraphite cast iron, and the overpack is made of copper.Fuel assemblies are packed inside the canister. The interiorof the capsule is filled with inert gas (e.g. argon orhelium) in order to slow down and minimise the internalcorrosion caused by moisture and radiation.The copper canister’s lid is welded to the canister toensure that groundwater flowing in the bedrock cannotcome into contact with the cast iron interior or spent fuel.This will ensure insulation and prevent radionuclides releaseto the groundwater and further to the geosphere andbiosphere.29

5 Description of the repositorySingle copper canisters are installed in the bedrock,inside vertical holes drilled into the base of disposal tunnelsexcavated to a depth of approximately 400 metres orinside horizontal disposal tunnels. Compressed bentoniteclay is used as the barrier material. The use of bentonitein disposal facilities is based on its ability to expand whenexposed to water, and its low water permeability. The disposaland central tunnels are filled after the final disposal(after installation of the canister and barrier material). Thefilling process will continue throughout the operating lifeof the plant. In addition, the repository’s technical facilitiesand surface connections, such as access tunnel andshafts, will be filled at the end of disposal operations.The rock isolates disposed fuel from the living environment.It protects the canisters against external impacts,creates mechanically and chemically stable conditions tothe repository and limits the amount of groundwater cominginto contact with the final disposal canisters. Researchresults indicate that hundreds of metres down in the bedrock,groundwater is virtually void of oxygen and only flowsa little, which is why its corroding effect on the canistersand spent nuclear fuel is very small. If spent fuel were tocome into contact with groundwater, as a result of someunforeseen circumstances, the substances dissolved fromit would mainly remain in the bentonite buffer and bedrocksurrounding the canisters. The bedrock also effectivelystops the direct radiation from the canisters because twometres of rock alone is sufficient to attenuate the radiationto the level of natural background radiation.5.3 Research work and reports preparedPosiva has plenty of research information about Olkiluotospanning a few decades. It covers research data on thearea’s bedrock, water areas in the environment, vegetation,animals and weather conditions. Information aboutthe reports prepared is available on Posiva’s website www.posiva.fi/tietopankki.html.A number of monitoring studies have been carriedout and reports have been prepared on the basis of themonitoring programme presented in the EIA report completedin 1999. These reports include a public image studyFigure 5-2. A draft of the underground facilities. Disposal facilities for the current plants andplants under construction are shown in green. The expansion for a fuel volume of 9,000 tUis shown in red and the expansion for a fuel volume of 12,000 tU in blue.30

5 Description of the repository(Corporate Image Oy 2007) and a financial impact study(Laakso et al. 2007).5.4 Accumulation of spent nuclear fuelThe existing Olkiluoto and Loviisa power plant units areestimated to produce a total of 4,000 tons of uranium(tU) of spent fuel. The OL3 plant unit under constructionis estimated to produce a total of 2,500 tU of spent nuclearfuel. The planned sixth nuclear power plant unit of TVO orFortum will produce about 2,500 tU of spent fuel. The EIAprocedure carried out in 1998–1999 covers the disposal ofspent fuel produced in these units so that the maximumamount of fuel to be disposed of is 9,000 tU. The seventhnuclear power plant unit is estimated to produce about3,000 tU of spent fuel, after which the total amount of fuelto be disposed of will be 12,000 tU.The accumulation of spent nuclear fuel depends onthe following features of nuclear power plants:− power levels of plant units− duration of operating time− utilisation factor− fuel properties.5.5 Description of the repository and disposaltechnologyThe description of the repository’s structure and operationsis based on the working report ‘Plant description2006’ (Tanskanen 2006) and specifications added to thereport in 2007. The working report is a summary of thedesign material for the repository planned in Olkiluoto.The area required by the underground repository sectionis about 240 hectares for a fuel amount of 12,000 tU.The expansion of the disposal facilities from 9,000 tU to12,000 tU will increase the area required by final disposalby about 50 hectares.Figure 5-3 presents a draft of the underground facilities.The inspection stage, the main objective of which is to acquireinformation about the bedrock for verifying the propertiesof the disposal site and for detailed design of therepository, is called the site confirming stage. ONKALO, aresearch facility reaching the final disposal depth, is beingbuilt in Olkiluoto for this purpose (Figure 5-3).ONKALO covers a spiral-shaped access tunnel, personneland ventilation shafts, research, testing and demonstrationfacilities and technical facilities. ONKALO isdesigned and will be implemented so that it can later beused as part of the repository. Research at the disposaldepth will begin in 2009–2010. Bedrock research is carriedout in connection with excavation work from the accesstunnel. The results will be utilised immediately in excavationand construction work. In April 2008, the excavationof ONKALO had progressed to an access tunnel length of2,900 metres and to a depth of about 276 metres.The designs will be specified according to informationreceived from the bedrock and the design of the repository.5.5.2 Construction stageThe disposal facilities and ONKALO are designed so thatONKALO can act as part of the disposal facilities whenthe disposal of nuclear waste canisters will begin in 2020.Some of the construction work for the disposal facilitieswill be carried out during the construction of ONKALO.The work methods and materials used in the construc-5.5.1 Verifying inspection stageFigure 5-3. Structure of the underground characterisationfacility, ONKALO.31

5 Description of the repositorytion of ONKALO have been selected so that they are alsoacceptable for the disposal facilities. The facilities will beexpanded at the operating stage of disposal by excavatingmore disposal and central tunnels.The complete repository will consist of facilities aboveand under ground level. The underground facility willconsist of access routes leading deep inside the bedrock,tunnels and disposal holes inside the bedrock where thenuclear waste canisters will be disposed of, and of any undergroundfacilities and access routes required. The surfaceand the repository are connected by an access tunneland a sufficient number of vertical shafts for ventilationand personnel and canister transportation.5.5.3 Operating stageSpent nuclear fuel will be stored in interim storages of Fortum’sLoviisa nuclear power plant and TVO’s Olkiluotonuclear power plant for at least 40 years before the finaldisposal. Spent fuel will be transported from the interimstorages to Posiva’s repository located at Olkiluoto in specialcontainers as special transport. Transportation fromLoviisa to Olkiluoto can take place by road, rail or sea. Thetransportation of spent nuclear fuel is strictly regulated bynational and international regulations and agreements.A licence for transporting spent nuclear fuel (a separatelicence for each transportation) must be acquired in Finlandfrom the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority(STUK). STUK will inspect the transportation plan, thestructure of the container, the qualifications of transportationpersonnel and the provisions made for accidents andmalicious damage.The most important building in the aboveground sectionwill be the encapsulation plant (Figure 5-4). It will bedesigned so that it will be able to process spent fuel fromthe owners’ current nuclear power plant units and thoseunder planning and construction. Spent nuclear fuel deliveredfrom interim storages of nuclear power plants tothe repository will be packed into copper capsules in theencapsulation plant and transported to the repository usinga lift or the access tunnel. According to the currentdesigns, the repository will be located on one layer at adepth of about 420 metres from the surface.The designs of the disposal facilities are based on thevertical disposal solution for canisters (KBS-3V concept).The horizontal disposal solution (KBS-3H) in which can-Figure 5-4. The encapsulation plant. Spent fuel transported to the repository will be packed into coppercanisters. The canisters will be sealed in the encapsulation plant and transported to the repository using thelift shaft or access tunnel.32

5 Description of the repositoryisters are placed inside a tunnel drilled horizontally, mayalso be used. The solutions are presented in the figurebelow (Figure 5-5).In the vertical disposal solution, vertical disposal holesare drilled in the floor of disposal tunnels where the tightand corrosion-proof canisters will be placed. In both options,the space left between a canister and the bedrockwill be filled with bentonite blocks. As a result, the capsuleswill be completely surrounded by bentonite blocksthat will greatly expand when becoming wet.When expanding the repository, the disposal solutionprocessed in the 1999 EIA procedure and approved in the2001 decision-in-principle will remain unchanged with regardto its principles; only the fuel volume will increase.The additional fuel volume to be disposed of will lengthenthe disposal time and increase the bedrock capacity to beexcavated.5.5.4 Closing stage and retrievability of disposednuclear fuelDisposal sections will be sealed continuously during thedisposal operations as canisters are disposed of. When allspent fuel has been finally disposed of, the encapsulationplant will be dismantled, the tunnels will be filled in usingfilling material, and all connections above ground will besealed off. When the party responsible for waste managementhas sealed off the final repositories in an acceptablemanner and paid the State the fee due for the future surveillanceand monitoring of nuclear waste, the title of andresponsibility for the waste materials will be transferred tothe State. According to the Nuclear Energy Act, the finaldisposal must in its entirety be implemented in such amanner that no monitoring will be required afterwards inorder to ensure its safety.However, nuclear fuel disposed of in the bedrock canpotentially be retrieved to the surface if sufficient technicaland financial resources are available. Retrievability willprovide future generations with the possibility of assessingthe solution on the basis of their future knowledge.The retrieval will use the same regular work methods thatwere used in the excavation and construction of the repository.The retrieval of the canisters from the repositoryto the surface will be possible at all stages of the project,i.e. before sealing a disposal hole, after closing a disposaltunnel, or after sealing all facilities.KBS-3-loppusijoituskonsepti: vaihtoehdotKBS-3VKBS-3HHost Kallio rockHost Kallio rockTäyteaine BackfillBentoniitti BentoniteCanister KapseliBentoniteBentoniittiCanister KapseliFigure 5-5. KBS-3V (on the left) and KBS-3H (on the right) disposal solutions for spent nuclear fuel.23. huhtikuuta 2008 INDEX 6833

6 Present state of the environment6 Present state of the environmentThere are a number of reports available describing thestate of the environment in Olkiluoto and its surroundingareas, because the environmental impacts of the Olkiluotonuclear power plant and Posiva’s repository have beeninspected widely. The state of the nuclear power plant’senvironment has been monitored for more than 30 years.The environmental impacts of Posiva’s repository werelast inspected comprehensively in connection with the1999 EIA procedure and its assessment revision in 2008.Posiva is regularly monitoring the state of the repository’senvironment.The environmental impacts of this project are aboutto begin at the same time with the final disposal of theextended part of the repository, i.e. 2070. In practise it isimpossible to make assessment for a project having commencementthis far away in the future, and therefore inthis program it is concentrated on the present state of theenvironment in Olkiluoto.6.1 Operations located in the environment ofOlkiluoto and land ownershipHankkila, the village closest to Olkiluoto, is located approximately8 kilometres from Posiva’s repository area.Linnamaa, which is located approximately 10 kilometresfrom the repository area, belongs to the Vuojoki culturallandscape that includes the Vuojoki Mansion area and theLiinmaa Castle ruins from the 1360s. The Kuivalahti villagecentre is located to the north of the Eurajoensalmiinlet approximately 9 kilometres from the repository area,and the Lapijoki village centre is located along highway8 approximately 14 kilometres from the repository area.The nearest village centre in Rauma is called Sorkka andis located approximately 9 kilometres southeast of the repositoryarea.TVO’s 350-hectare nuclear power plant site is located onthe west side of Olkiluoto Island. The site contains TVO’spresent power plant units. Furthermore, OL3 is under constructionand is scheduled to start operation in 2011.Posiva’s final disposal site (ONKALO construction sitein its current status) is located in Olkiluoto. In additionto the nuclear power plant units and the ONKALO constructionsite, the site contains administrative buildings,a training centre and a visitors’ centre, warehouses, repairshops, a back-up heating plant, a raw water tank, araw water treatment plant, a desalination plant, a sanitarywater treatment plant, a landfill site, intermediate storagefor spent fuel (KPA storage), intermediate storage for lowleveland intermediate-level operating waste (MAJ and KAJstorage), a disposal facility for power plant waste (VLJ repository),a contractor site and accommodation villages.Olkiluoto also has Fingrid Oyj’s electric station and gasturbine plant for reserve power needs and TVO’s windpower station. The operations located in Olkiluoto areshown in the figure below (Figure 6-1).Posiva has leased the site intended for the repositoryof spent nuclear fuel from TVO until 2013. The site is locatedin the middle of the island and on the east side ofthe power plant site. The area of the leased site is about36 hectares and it is bordered on the south by the roadleading through the island to the power plants and on theeast by the road leading to the port and dockyard area.Korvensuo reservoir is located immediately to the northof the site, through which water taken from the Eurajokiriver is conducted for use at the nuclear power plant. Adumping site is located to the west of the leased site andis where rock waste created by Posiva’s underground excavationwork and other construction work carried out inthe power plant area is transported.Figure 6-2 presents the repository’s planned locationon Olkiluoto Island. The Olkiluoto nuclear power plantunits are located at the top of the figure. The future blastedrock dumping site is on the right-hand side of the figure.In addition to the entrance of the underground rockcharacterisation facility ONKALO, a project office, fieldlaboratory, different storage and repair shop buildings andlift and ventilation rooms required by the underground facilitieshad been built in the aboveground section of theleased area by 2007. Moreover, connecting roads, protectivebuildings for research holes and other research-relatedstructures have been built in the area and its surroundingsto accommodate e.g. the research on the rock andsoil characteristics that takes place at the plant site andits surroundings.35

6 Present state of the environmentTo the east of the power plant site, Olkiluoto Islandis mainly covered by forest. Olkiluoto’s industrial port islocated in the middle of the northern shore of the island.The eastern end of Olkiluoto Island contains agriculturalareas and holiday homes. The area contains a new accommodationvillage and caravan park providing temporaryhousing for nuclear power plant construction and maintenancepersonnel.TVO owns most of Olkiluoto. In the eastern parts ofthe island, there are holiday homes and vacant holidayhome sites, as described by the master shore plan of thearea, and a few privately-owned larger areas. The stateowns the Liiklankari conservation area and the westernpart of the Kornamaa island. The Liiklankari area is governedby Metsähallitus.TVO owns some of the waters around Olkiluoto directlyand some through joint ownership. TVO owns approximately70% of the water rights of Olkiluoto and Orjasaari,as well as approximately 40% of the Munakari communalarea.6.2 Status of land use planningNational land use objectivesThe national land use objectives are part of the land useplanning system in accordance with the Land Use andBuilding Act. The Government decided on national landuse objectives in accordance with Section 22 of the LandUse and Building Act on 30 November 2000 and the decisiongained legal validity on 26 November 2001.Objectives aimed at securing the national energy supplyare of particular importance in the preparation of a partialmaster plan for Olkiluoto. Land use must ensure theprotective zones required for nuclear power plants andprepare for the disposal of nuclear waste. Land use andits planning related to connection and energy networksmust pay attention to surrounding land use and the nearbyenvironment, particularly settlements, valuable naturaland cultural sites and areas, as well as the special characteristicsof the landscape.The current regional planIn the 5 th Satakunta regional plan ratified by the Ministryof the Environment on 11 January 1999, nearly the wholeof Olkiluoto is designated as a public utilities and infrastructurezone (ET-1). According to the special provisionsconcerning the zone, detailed planning and design mustpay special attention to environmental protection, andthe handling and storage of radioactive waste must bearranged in an absolutely safe manner. Furthermore, theregional plan also allows other energy production besidesthe nuclear power plants, as well as other industry basedon the energy production in the region.There is a port and a dockyard (LV) on the northernshore of Olkiluoto. Liiklankari Natura 2000 area and aprotected old-growth forest (SL) are located to the southof the repository site for nuclear fuel. Kuusisenmaa (MY,area dominated by agriculture and forestry with recog-Figure 6-1. Olkiluoto quidemap. In the map you can see among other things OL1 and OL2 (1), OL3 constructionsite (2), Interim storage for spent nuclear fuel (3), VLJ-repository (4), Posiva’s ONKALO constructionsite (5) and visitor centre (6).36

6 Present state of the environmentnised environmental value) is located to the southwest ofOlkiluoto.The Olkiluoto nuclear power plant site is surroundedby a hazard zone (va1, remote protection zone) extendingto a distance of approximately 5 to 7 kilometres. Indetailed planning and design, this zone must not be usedfor any large residential areas or facilities with a largenumber of employees or patients, or any facilities whoseoperations would be severely hampered by the potentialeffects of an accident. Furthermore, the zone must not beused for any facilities or equipment that could be a dangerto the nuclear power plant, such as explosives factories,warehouses or airports.Provincial plan of Satakunta in preparationThe Satakunta Regional Council is preparing a provincialplan that will replace the current regional plan. The preparationof the Satakunta provincial plan was initiated inFebruary 2003. The provincial plan is currently at the draftpreparation stage. The current regional plan from 2001will be revised and updated to comply with the requirementsof the Land Use and Building Act. The provincialplan will include a general provision for an energy supplyzone (EN/la) and designate power lines, a regional road,navigable passages for ships and boats, and conservationareas (Figure 6-3). The EN/la marking indicates the nuclearpower plant site reserved for plants, buildings andstructures serving energy production or plants and buildingsengaged in the disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Movingabout in the area may be restricted for safety reasons. Abuilding restriction pursuant to Section 33 of the Land Useand Building Act (MRL) is in effect in the area.The en marking is used to propose a target area fordeveloping energy production outside the nuclear powerplant site. The design of the target area must take intoaccount that the use of the areas will not endanger thedevelopment of energy maintenance and disposal operationsand research. Special attention must also be paidto the actions required to preserve the soundness of thebedrock inside the target area.The draft should be available for public viewing during2008.Master plansThe Eurajoki master shore plan ratified by the SouthwestFinland Regional Environment Centre on 25 October 2000is valid in the Olkiluoto area (Figure 6-4). The power plantsite and the surrounding areas are designated as a zonefor industrial and warehouse buildings (T). Most of thearea east of the power plant site is designated as a zonedominated by agriculture and forestry (M). The mastershore plan also includes zones for holiday homes (RA),farmsteads (AM) and detached residential houses (AP).The Liiklankari area located along the southern shore ofthe Olkiluoto peninsula is designated as a nature conservationarea (SL).Eurajoki municipal council approved an amendmentto the master shore plan on 12 December 2005, assigningFigure 6-2. Olkiluoto area. TVO’s nuclear power plant units OL1, OL2 and OL3 can be seen at the top lefthandcorner. The buildings in the middle belong to Posiva’s repository. The Korvensuo water reservoir andthe blasted rock dumping site are located to the right of the buildings.37

6 Present state of the environmentan accommodation village and other functions serving energyproduction to the southeastern part of Olkiluoto.The partial master plan for the northern shores of Rauma,ratified on 23 December 1999, is valid in the northerncoastal areas of Rauma.Amendment to the partial master planThe Olkiluoto partial master plan and an amendmentto the partial master plan for the northern shores ofRauma are under preparation in the Olkiluoto area (Figure6-5).Within the municipality of Eurajoki, the partial masterplan covers Olkiluoto, minor islands to its north andnorthwest (Kornamaa, Mäntykari, Munakari and approximately20 smaller islands), and the waters surroundingthem. The partial master plan will amend the Eurajokimaster shore plan ratified on 25 October 2000 and theamendment to the master shore plan approved on 12 December2005 (the area known as the accommodation villagewith its surroundings).Simultaneously with the Olkiluoto partial master plan,an amendment to the partial master plan for the shoresnorth of Rauma has been in preparation. Within the townof Rauma, the area covered by the plan includes the islandsof Kuusisenmaa, Leppäkarta, Lippo and Vähä-Kaalonperäof Olkiluoto, as well as the waters surrounding these islands.The partial master plan is an amendment to thepartial master plan for the northern shores of Rauma ratifiedon 23 December 1999.Several land use options were discussed during thepreparation of the Olkiluoto partial master plan. The planningaims at a solution that realises the objectives set fora partial master plan in the best possible manner. The primaryobjective is to create, with regard to land use, theprerequisites for building the largest energy productionsite in Finland and a final disposal facility for spent nuclearfuel according to Finnish legislation and the requirementsset for the safety of the operations.The draft of the partial master plan for the northernshores of the town of Rauma was on public display from21 February to 22 March 2007. The plan proposal wascompleted on 31 October 2007 and the planning divisionput it officially on public display on 10 December 2007.The aboveground facilities of the repository do not extendto the town of Rauma in the draft of the partial master planfor the northern shores of the town of Rauma (Figure 6-6).Local plan and local shore planLocal plans ratified in 1974 and 1997 are in effect in theOlkiluoto area. The repository site for spent nuclear fuel isdesignated as a zone for industrial and warehouse buildings(T) allowed for nuclear power plants, other facilitiesand equipment intended for the production, distributionand transmission of power, as well as buildings, structuresand equipment associated with these, unless otherwiserestricted (Figure 6-7). The Liiklankari area is designatedas a park (P) and a special zone (EL).EN/la, enFigure 6-3. Satakunta provincial plan under preparation.38

11.2:563051 EURAJOKIYht. 876:3Yht. 876:1Yht. 876:1106.2:56252:497685 RAUMAN MLK2:4972:495Yht. 876:3051 EURAJOKI2:496Yht. 876:1Yht. 876:13:0Yht. 876:813.2:49410051 EURAJOKI2:49467950002:4946790000Yht. 876:32:49418.00RAUMAN MLK685 Rauman mlkYht. 876:13:01:169051 EURAJOKIYht. 876:1Yht. 876:82:575051 EURAJOKI1:1681:133340051 EURAJOKI404 Ilavainen1:1646:1919:99Yht. 876:16:1911:1332006:1362:55Yht. 876:100EURAJOKI1.59:991:431:431:311:621:113Yht. 876:11:113404 IlavainenYht. 876:113.5404 Ilavainen1:180051 EURAJOKI1:180051 EURAJOKI55:1991:2111:435:1692:1805:5211:53051 EURAJOKI511:998:848:84428 Vuojoki8:931:2211:37Yht. 876:22:6468:8211:431:218:17911:122409 Kirkonkylä428 Vuojoki402 Hankkila6 Present state of the environmentThe areas are not specifically reserved for final disposaloperations in the current local plans.On 12 December 2005, Eurajoki municipal council approvedtwo local plans defining a zone for accommodationbuildings serving energy production (AS EN), a zonefor office buildings (KTY), a zone for a caravan park servingenergy production (RV-1EN), a tower zone (EMT), aprotective green zone (EV), an agricultural and forestryzone (M), and an agricultural and forestry zone with specialenvironmental values (MY/s) in the southeastern partof Olkiluoto.There are three ratified local shore plans for the easternparts of Olkiluoto Island, ratified on 11 November 1975, 20March 1981 and 8 December 1992, respectively. In them,holiday buildings are indicated for the shore area.The status of land use planning at Olkiluoto and itssurroundings is compiled in a combination map wherethe valid local plans and local shore plans are shown, aswell as a general shore plan for these outside areas. Thismap combination covers one local plan in the Raumaarea and the partial master plan for northern shores inRauma.Amendment to the local plansLocal plan drafts are being prepared for the Olkiluotoand Rauma areas. The drafts are to be available for publicviewing during 2008.The Olkiluoto local plan will reserve areas for final disposaloperations for spent nuclear fuel.6.3 The present landscape and cultural environmentLandscapeOlkiluoto Island is located in the municipality of Eurajokion the coast of the Selkämeri sea area. Typical characteristicsof the Selkämeri coast include capes pointing to thenorthwest, shallow bays between them and archipelagozones of a small area.In the division of landscape regions, the Olkiluoto areabelongs to coastal Satakunta. The region is characterisedby low-lying terrain and the absence of strong profiles: inaddition to rocky land, it includes glacial deposits, smallareas of clay soil and ridge formations. The coast has longsheltered bays dominated by cane-grass that are turningto land due to land uplift at approximately six millimetresper year.Olkiluoto Island is approximately 6 kilometres longand 2.5 kilometres wide. The Selkämeri sea area opensto the west of the island, while its southern side abutson the Rauma archipelago. The Lapinjoki river dischargesto the east of Olkiluoto Island, into a narrowinlet between Olkiluoto and Orjasaari. The Eurajokiriver discharges into the Eurajoensalmi inlet north ofthe island.The waterways separating Olkiluoto from the mainlandare slowly closing up. The highest points of OlkiluotoIsland are the Liiklankallio clifftop, approximately 18 metresabove sea level, and the Selkänummenharju ridge, ap-PölläIso Susikari5SL40SLSLKalliopölläPuolivesikarta1.4RääpinkivetWValkiakariSLSLVahonkariRuokkartaKeskivedenkiviSLVähä RuokkartaMunakariTyrniemenkariSLSLInonkarratMäntykariTyrniemiKeskikallioKiskari6.0RATahkoluotoRASLUlko-PrinkkaLVTankaritVähänniemenjärvi113209C121AM/sMMaa-PrinkkaMVähäniemisr14RA21AhtolaMAP HaapluotoRAPippurikaritSaanjärviUmpjärviExtract fromLIITE 3the OTE EurajokiEURAJOENmaster RANTAYLEISKAAVASTA shoreplan 1:20 0001:20 000RAHalkokari RA RAMKiilinkariMRARAJärvenkulmaHuhtmäkiRAAPsr42AMAP/s RantamäkiKiilinkariRA RAHaluksenkallioPuskakarta001.4Ruskikarta105Pask-AikkoKuusisenmaaLippo5UlkopääOtpääViholiaiskartaLeppäkartaTeuraniemiNousiainenHulpanmaaLiiklankariFigure 6-4. Extract from the Eurajoki master shore plan.55.05T39SelkänummenharjuKovakynsiKovakynsi5SLSL1525000KoskelonkariLeppäkari5Koivukari39Liiklankallio10TyrnikariSLKaukkallioTLiiklansuoSLKeskletoTormkariMarikarinnokkaSantalahdenkari41 RA5RAMRARARAPäskari2176RAKeskivedenkaritNanninkariRAKukonkariMRAMRA10M35RAMRAOlkiluoto36RAMLiaskariRA10KorpiOlkiluotoRAKaunismäkiM RARALVVRARAPukkiluoto(Puukhulmi)5SyöpävuoriRAMVYMVahokariRAM RARARAAPVKornamaaOlkiluodonjärviIlavainen10RARAMRaunela38RARAMSavilahti33LepporvonenMMKangas APAPAPRARAAMOinaanlahtiRASalmelaM34 RARantalaAM10MustakartaItärantaAPNiemeläLohiluomannokkaRantapereKylmäkariKarhunlaakaKalkkivuorenkallioVarvinnokkaAPJuholaAM AMKekokariPäivärintaOlli RA RA AM113208D2 M RARA/60 RA/60 AM/s6sr6KyläsaariVähäkariHerahulmi RARA RAM30RAAntinkariRA RA 32MTuomikari35MMelaluotoJusonkartaMRAMRARAAPRA37RARARARARAMWRAVURA1326WAPVRAAPAP132528SKatavankariV27MAP29Orjansaarisr63 AP/sAPVähä KaunissaariLVMAM LVRA30APSL39

6 Present state of the environmentproximately 15 metres above sea level. The Olkiluoto landscapecan be roughly divided into the following zones:− the inland forest zone− the shorelines: forest, part rocky− the inhabited zone on the southern and easternshores− the industrial zone at the western end of the area(power plant site) and at the northern shore (theharbour).The forest zone is divided by a wide power line clearingand the Olkiluodontie road. In the wooded inland zonethere are operations related to the repository and powerplant; these operations are not visible in the overall landscapeor from the roads. The most visible element of thewooded zone is the accommodation village on both sidesof the road.From the sea, Olkiluoto looks like a forest area withthe following elements indicating power plant operations:the plant buildings with their vent stacks, the wind powerstation and the power lines, visible from a long distance.The industrial harbour with its cranes stands out from thewooded northern shoreline. (Air-Ix Suunnittelu 2007.)Cultural historyThe central and western parts of the island were uninhabitedforest land, used as a pasture for the horses of theestate. On the eastern side, there were small farms ownedby fishermen. These farms had forest pastures and smallfields, which are still nearly the same size and have beencontinuously cultivated. There was no proper road to theisland until the 1960s. The first phases of the Olkiluotopower plant were built in the 1970s. There are small fisherfarms in the nearby islands, some of which have beenpulled down and some extended and renovated into holidayhomes. The oldest buildings on Olkiluoto were built inthe first half of the 20 th century. Most of the buildings datefrom the reconstruction period after the Second WorldWar or from later periods. Holiday homes have been builtsince the 1960 and 1970s.There are no nationally or regionally valuable buildingsor other objects of cultural history in the area (Museovirasto2007). No relics of antiquity have been found in theOlkiluoto area. (Air-Ix Suunnittelu 2007.)6.4 The current status of the climate and airqualityWeather conditionsOlkiluoto is located on the coast of the Selkämeri sea areain a maritime climate. A maritime climate is characterisedby the stability of temperature conditions. In the spring,the temperature close to the coast is clearly lower thanfurther inland. In the autumn, the warm sea evens outthe daily temperature differences and there is almost nonight frost. The winter in the Satakunta region is mild becauseSelkämeri remains open for almost the entire winter.Snow cover is generally less than 20 cm thick. GroundFigure 6-5. An extract from the proposal for a change to the Olkiluoto partial master plan, 31.10.2007.The indicative border of the final disposal facilities is shown in the plan.40

6 Present state of the environmentfrost generally reaches a depth of 10-70 cm. The length ofthe growing season has been an average of 180 days inrecent years. (Ikonen 2007.)The prevailing direction of the wind is from the southwest.The annual precipitation at Olkiluoto ranges between400–700 mm.6.5 Water system descriptionOlkiluoto is delimited by the Eurajoensalmi inlet of approximately1.5 kilometres in width on the north side andby the Olkiluodonvesi water area of approximately 3 kilometresin length and 0.7 to 1.0 kilometres in width on thesouth side. The Rauma archipelago begins on the southside of Olkiluodonvesi. The area west of Olkiluoto is ashallow coastal area with a relatively high number of smallislands and islets. The Selkämeri sea area opens to thewest of the islet zone.There are no lakes, rivers or brooks in the Olkiluotoarea. The only lake on the island has dried up due to ditchdrainage. The lake visible in the present Olkiluoto maphas been built as a raw water reservoir for the power plantin the 1970s.The water quality, ecological condition and productionin the sea around Olkiluoto are affected by the generalcondition of the coastal waters of Selkämeri, and nutrientsand other substances carried by rivers. Local impactsare caused by increased temperature and changes in flowconditions due to cooling water from the nuclear powerplant units, as well as the nutrient load of waste water conductedwith the cooling water. (Kirkkala & Turkki 2005.)Physical, chemical and biological monitoring of thewaters around Olkiluoto has been conducted since 1979.The purpose of the monitoring is to survey the impactof cooling water from the Olkiluoto power plants on thequality and usability of the water in the surrounding seaarea, as well as biological production. (Turkki 2007.)Surveys conducted by the Radiation and Nuclear SafetyAuthority in accordance with the environmental radiationmonitoring programme have measured minor concentrationsof radioactive substances originating from the nuclearpower plant in algae, sedimenting matter and shellfish,and occasionally very minor concentrations also infish. The proportion of natural radioactivity in the sampleswas substantially higher than that of radioactivity originatingfrom the power plant. (Taivainen 2007.)6.6 Soil and bedrock conditions in OlkiluotoExtensive research of the bedrock, such as excavation,drilling and geophysical sounding, has been and will becarried out at Olkiluoto, particularly for the purpose ofspent nuclear fuel disposal. The research investigates theproperties of rock and the routes of groundwater flow andprovides confirmation for the rock models in the Olkiluotoresearch area.The main rock type in the Olkiluoto bedrock is migmatite,which is a compound of gneiss and granite. The bed-Figure 6-6. An amendment to the partial master plan for the northern shores.41

6 Present state of the environmentrock in the area is approximately 1,800 to 1,900 millionyears old.Posiva’s bedrock information is mainly based on 48holes drilled in the bedrock and related measurementscarried out during 1989–2007. In addition, informationabout the bedrock characteristics has been collected sincestarting the construction of ONKALO by systematicallymapping the tunnel walls. On the basis of the surveys, thesurface section of the bedrock is fractured up to a depthof about 120–140 metres. In addition, the fractures in thesurface sections of the bedrock conduct water better thanthe deeper sections.Olkiluoto Island is quite flat, with no major differencesin elevation. The surface of Olkiluoto Island is approximately5 metres above sea level. The highest point of theisland (Liiklankallio) is approximately 18 metres above sealevel. The surface of the bedrock is at different elevationsbut moraine evens out the terrain. Slumps contain thicklayers of moraine, whereas the bedrock in higher altitudesis bare or covered by a thin layer of soil. (Lahdenperä et al.2005). Uplift (6 mm/year; Eronen et al. 1995) combinedwith the low ground level have kept island’s nature ina state of change, and the changes will continue in thevegetation and the soil. The sea areas near the island aremainly shallow; thus the island’s surface area is growingrather rapidly and the island will eventually be connectedto the mainland. The base of the sea area immediatelyaround Olkiluoto is mostly formed of rock, clay and moraine.(Rantataro 2001.)Because Olkiluoto Island has risen from the sea overthe last 2,000 years, its soil is mainly young and at theearly stages of its development. The young age and thevicinity of the sea can be seen in the characteristics ofthe soil and soil water. (Haapanen et al. 2007). The prevailingsoil type is fine moraine. However, there is a noticeableabundance of rocks. The organic layer in forestsoil is typically raw humus or peat mould. (Tamminen etal. 2007.)Posiva published a geological site model for Olkiluotoat the beginning of 2006, after which the hydrogeologicalflow model was updated on the basis of the geologicalmodel and hydrological research data. The hydrogeochemicaland rock mechanical models were also updatedin 2006. An English summary report of the aforementionedmodels (Anderson et al. 2007) was published at thebeginning of 2007.SeismologyThe Finnish bedrock belongs to the Precambrian Fennoscandianshield that is one of the seismically most stableareas in the world. However, there are tensions that maybe discharged and cause mild earthquakes. These aregenerally focused on the weakness zones existing in thebedrock. About 10-20 earthquakes are registered in Finlandannually. These earthquakes are relatively mild, witha magnitude of 1–4 (Richter Scale). The strongest earthquakeregistered since 1965 took place in Alajärvi on 17February 1979. Its magnitude was defined to be about 3.8.During 1977–2001, nearly half of all earthquakes observedin Finland took place in the Kuusamo region. Observationsof earthquakes in Finland have been recorded foralmost 400 years. Occurrences of earthquakes in FinlandFigure 6-7. The status of local plans for the northern shores of Olkiluoto and Rauma in theplanned area.42

6 Present state of the environmentfrom 1965 to 2006 are shown in Figure 6-7. (University ofHelsinki 2007.)In Finland, earthquakes are usually caused by tensionarising from the widening of the mid-oceanic ridge in theNorth Atlantic. The Eurasian and North American platesdiverge from each other by approximately 2 centimetresannually, which causes compression stress across entireFennoscandia. The gradually accumulating stress exceedsthe strength of the rock material at one point and is suddenlydischarged as an earthquake. In this case, the partsof the bedrock surrounding the origin of the earthquakeare moving in relation to each other. This movement usuallyoccurs along existing faults in the crust. Other localreasons include uplift, which causes earthquakes mainlyin the Gulf of Bothnia region. (University of Helsinki 2007.)The bedrock of Olkiluoto has been studied in particulardetail during recent years. Geological surveys have alreadyproven that the bedrock is stable and that earthquakes affectingplant operation are nonexistent.Seismic surveys were started in Posiva’s local seismicstation network at Olkiluoto in February 2002. At first, thestation network consisted of six seismic stations. In June2004, the network was expanded with two new stations.At the time, the construction of the underground characterisationfacility ONKALO began and the operating principleof the station network was changed to better suitthe new situation. At the beginning of 2006, the stationnetwork was expanded with four stations, one of which islocated underground inside the VLJ repository and threeare farther outside Olkiluoto Island.Micro-earthquake measurements serve to providemore information about the structure, movement and stabilityof the Olkiluoto bedrock. Surveys have also been carriedout regarding tectonic micro-earthquakes and thoseinduced by excavation work. The measurements are alsopart of ONKALO’s nuclear seal control.A total of 2,041 incidents were observed in the Olkiluotoarea over the reported period in 2006. The magnitudesof the observed incidents varied from ML=-1.1 to ML=3.1.Nearly all observations were cases of rock blasting. Twoincidents were classified as micro-earthquakes caused byblasting work. (Saari et al. 2007.)owners, five of which are in continuous or recreationaluse. The nearest classified groundwater area is located inKuivalahti to the north of Eurajoensalmi, approximately 6km northeast of the repository.Groundwater in the bedrock is fresh for the first fewtens of metres, after which there is brackish water (1–10 g/lof salt) up to a depth of 400 metres. At the final disposaldepth (about 400 metres), water is salty (11–21 g/l). Afterthis, the salt content increases as the depth increases. Thegreatest salinity value measured (84 g/l) is at a depth of-860 metres. (Anderson et al. 2007.)The construction of ONKALO affects the water flowroutes and rates inside the Olkiluoto bedrock and, as a result,the hydrochemical characteristics of the water. Thesechanges are illustrated within the monitoring programmefor the construction of ONKALO, described in 2003 (Posiva2003). The effects of the construction of ONKALO aremonitored by measuring and monitoring various parametersrelated to hydrology, geochemistry, the environment,rock mechanics and foreign substances. The hydrologicalmonitoring programme includes: the groundwaterlevel, the pressure height of groundwater, flow conditionsin open holes, groundwater flow (transverse flow in holes),hydraulic conductivity, salinity and electrical conductivityof groundwater, precipitation (including snow), the seaEarthquakes in Finland from 1965 to 20066.7 GroundwaterThe level of groundwater loosely follows the topography ofthe earth surface; in areas covered by moraine, the groundwateris at a depth of 1 to 2 metres, and at the shoreline,the groundwater level joins the sea water level. There areno classified groundwater areas in Olkiluoto, and the areais not significant for the procurement of water for communities.The island has 11 bored wells belonging to privateFigure 6-8. Earthquakes in Finland from 1965to 2006 (University of Helsinki 2007).43

6 Present state of the environmentwater level, overland runoff, infiltration, ground frost, leakagewater in tunnels, water balance in the tunnel systemand water balance in the Korvensuo reservoir.6.8 Flora and faunaOlkiluoto is part of the Gulf of Bothnia coast, where landuplift is rapid, approximately 6 mm in a year (Eronen etal. 1995). Low-lying terrain and rapid land uplift cause achange in flora when the habitat changes. The meadowyshores in land uplift areas are becoming swampy andare bordered by a bush zone consisting mainly of willow,buckthorn and myrtle. There is an alder zone between thebush and the forest, consisting almost exclusively of blackalder in the Olkiluoto area.In the geobotanic division of the regions, Olkiluotobelongs to the southern boreal zone and further to theanemone zone characterised by demanding forest plantssuch as hepatica and wood anemone. The coastal florain the area is characterised by zonality that is constantlychanging due to rapid land uplift. The zonality of flora isevident on the coast in that coastal forests are moisterand more luxuriant than inland forests; when going inland,the forests become drier and more infertile, dependingon the depth of groundwater. However, this zonalityis not clear at Olkiluoto because differences in altitudewithin the island are minor and luxuriant habitats can befound both on the shores and inland. However, the mostinfertile habitats are clearly located at the highest pointsof the island.Apart from the Liiklankari conservation area, theOlkiluoto area is a typical Southwestern Finland coastalarea in terms of natural conditions, in which the speciesof flora and fauna and the soil are very similar to the surroundingareas. Unbuilt shores, particularly on the northernside, represent shore biotopes in a natural and oftenScale 1:200000Coordinate: KLJ-ykCorner point coordinates: 6786820:3183999-6823420:3222799Temporary private decisionsPrivate conservation areasHerb-rich forest protection programme areasShore protection programmeOld forest protection programmeNatura2000 sitesRock areasFigure 6-9. Conservation sites and areas around Olkiluoto.44

6 Present state of the environmentluxuriant state. Olkiluoto is quite abundant in species butfew rare or endangered species have been observed. (InsinööritoimistoPaavo Ristola Oy et al. 2007.)There are approximately 570 hectares of forests ownedby TVO on the Olkiluoto Island; the majority of the forests(90%) are heaths of the bilberry type (MT), woodsorrel type (OMT) or lingonberry type (VT). There are 22hectares of swamps, 19 hectares of which are in productiveforest use. The main species of tree in the young cultivatedforests is pine, and in more mature forests it isspruce. Deciduous trees (grey and black alder, silver andwhite birch, rowan and willows) grow mainly in a zone surroundingthe island at the sea shore, and as undergrowth.The inland forests are dominated by pine; spruce copsesare mainly located on the shores inside the black alderzone.Forests ready for felling represent 18% of the total area.The small amount of private land, as well as forests administeredby the Metsähallitus State Enterprise outsidethe Liiklankari Natura area, are in intensive forestry useand the area no longer has any mixed forests in a naturalor near-natural state. The soil to the south of the islandis clearly more wet than to the north, which is evidencedby mild swamp formation and a higher number of vascularplants that tolerate or favour dampness. There arenot many bushes in the forest, and most of the bush layerconstitutes seedlings of the local tree species and juniper.The forests in productive use in the area are primarily freeof rotten wood as well.The rocky forests are characterised by their naturalstate. All rocky forests have open rock areas where lichenand low twigs grow. There are also peat-covered rocks, buttheir area is very small. Black alder grows as narrow stripson the shore, and, together with meadowsweet growingin the field layer, forms a zone surrounding the entire island.On the shores, common reed forms an unbrokenbelt around the island. Low-lying meadows are rare withinthe island; the reasons are the eutrophication of the BalticSea, spreading of human settlement and ditch drainage.(Insinööritoimisto Paavo Ristola Oy et al. 2007.)According to a birdlife survey conducted on OlkiluotoIsland in 1997, the most common aquatic bird speciesis eider, and the rarest species observed at Olkiluoto isthe greater scaup. Common shelduck, which is rare inFinland, and velvet scoter also nest in the Olkiluoto area.These observations have been described as valuable butnot extraordinary. The most valuable part of Olkiluoto Islandin terms of aquatic birdlife is the northern shore. (Yrjölä1997). The island is neighboured by the Eurajoki riverdelta FINIBA area (Finnish Important Bird Areas 120075)at its northeastern corner.Data concerning the occurrence of mammals in theOlkiluoto area is based on active observation of animaltracks in winter, information received from hunting clubsand airborne survey data. The elk stock in Olkiluoto is estimatedat 15 animals before the hunting season and 10animals after the season. The white-tailed deer stock isestimated at 15 to 20 animals, and the roe deer stock at10 animals. Other mammals common in the area includeraccoon dog, fox, pine marten, mink, ermine, polecat,badger, hare, brown hare and rodents.Inventories of the endangered (VU, vulnerable species)black Apollo butterfly, which is protected by law, were takenin the spring and summer of 2007. The inventory wasrelated to the partial master plan of Olkiluoto. The blackApollo (Parnassius mnemosyne) is completely dependenton the spring corydalis (Corydalis solida), which is the onlyfood plant for its larvae. On the basis of the inventorydata acquired in 2007, observations in previous years andtraces of larvae eating, it can be noted that the eastern/northeastern part of Olkiluoto Island is most probably ablack Apollo habitat and that the area belongs to a largermetapopulation with subareas on Olkiluoto Island and itsimmediate vicinity. (Ramboll 2007.)6.9 Present state of protection areas inOlkiluotoThe Liiklankari conservation area is located on the southshore of Olkiluoto Island in the immediate vicinity of thefinal disposal site for spent nuclear fuel. The Liiklankariforest is included in the old-growth forest conservationprogramme, and it was established as a national natureconservation area. It also belongs to the Rauma archipelagoarea included in the Natura 2000 network.The Metsähallitus State Enterprise conducted a biotopeinventory of the Liiklankari area in accordance withthe nature directive in the summer of 2006. With regardto biotopes listed in Annex I to the nature directive, borealnatural forests are found in the Liiklankari Natura area.The biotope belongs to the priority biotopes, the conservationof which is of primary importance. A survey of theLiiklankari area identified flood plains and swamps withtrees as new biotopes in the area.According to present information, no species listed inAnnexes II and IV to the nature directive are found in theLiiklankari conservation area. Grey seal is the only specieslisted in Annex II to the nature directive that is foundin the Rauma archipelago Natura area. No observationsof species listed in Annex II to the nature directive havebeen made in the Liiklankari area. The Rauma archipelagoNatura area has no other species requiring strict protectionlisted in Annex IV of the nature directive.Surveys/preliminary reviews of certain groups of spe-45

6 Present state of the environmentcies were carried out in the Liiklankari area in the autumnof 2006. The groups of species studied were bryophytes,shelf fungi, beetles and macrofungi. No species listed inAnnex II to the nature directive, nationally or regionallyendangered species, or species to be observed were foundin the area. Among the indicator species for boreal forest,two occurrences of goblin’s gold were found. One observationwas made of Phellinus ferrogineofuscus, which isa species to be observed (NT). Other notable shelf fungiincluded Asterodon ferroginosus, Leptoporus mollis,Phellinus chrysoloma, Phellinus nigrolimitatus, Phellinusviticola and Postia leucomallella. A noteworthy species ofmacrofungus found in the area was Lactarius scrobiculatus.Ganoderma lucidum has also been found in the area.(Insinööritoimisto Paavo Ristola Oy 2006b.)The area belonging to the Rauma archipelago(FI0200073) Natura 2000 network is located in the seaarea off Olkiluoto Island. The site is included in the Natura2000 network as an SCI area (Sites of Community Importance,included in the Natura 2000 network by virtueof the nature directive). The area extends to 5,350 hectaresand comprises 15 different biotopes in total.The outer archipelago north of Rauma, including theSusikari, Kalla and Bokreivi islands, belongs to the shoreconservation programme. These areas also belong to theNatura 2000 area of the Rauma archipelago. The area containssparsely located small isolated rocks and two larger,almost treeless, islands close to the open sea. The areais a representative archipelago and landscape entity. It issignificant as a breeding ground for animals and a restingstop for migratory birds. The conservation sites and areasin the Olkiluoto environment are shown in Figure 6-9.The Omenapuumaa nature conservation area in theinner archipelago and the Särkänhuivi cape have regionalconservation value. Omenapuumaa also belongs to theNatura 2000 network of areas. The luxuriant grove islandof Omenapuumaa is located in the Rauma archipelago,approximately five kilometres south of Olkiluoto. Thenature on Omenapuumaa is a very variable labyrinth ofbroken landscape patterns. The central parts of the areaare quite infertile coniferous forest but the edges, particularlyalong the southern shore, are luxuriant shore groves.There are remnants of grove meadows also in the centralpart as a consequence of grazing in the past. Noble broadleavedtrees were once planted in the area and are nowvery large. The vegetation close to the shore is black alder,and farther up, it becomes a grove of the hepatica andwood-sorrel type that is being taken over by spruce andis abundant with Solomon’s seal. A rarity growing in thearea is cowslip, possibly in its northernmost habitat. Thelow, narrow, long and curved cape of Särkänhuivi is theoutermost tip of the Irjanteenharju ridge that protrudesFigure 6-10. Roads to Olkiluoto, and the traffic volumes (vehicles per day) metered in August-September 2007 (Ramboll Finland Oy 2007).46

6 Present state of the environmentinto the sea. The ridge of the cape has a road along itsentire length, and, with the exception of the end, there areholiday homes in the area.The Luvia archipelago area (FI0200074), belonging tothe Natura 2000 network, is located approximately ninekilometres north of Olkiluoto. The site is included in theNatura 2000 network as an SCI area (Sites of CommunityImportance, included in the Natura 2000 network by virtueof the nature directive) and an SPA area (included inthe Natura 2000 network by virtue of the nature directive).The Luvia outer archipelago represents the island natureof Satakunta in its most diverse form. The area has morethan 60 islands and islets of at least one hectare, as wellas several small islets and rocks.Other valuable natural sites near Olkiluoto that havenational conservation value include the Pyrekari islets andKaunissaari island. The Pyrekari islets are located to thenorth of Olkiluoto, approximately four kilometres from therepository site. The Pyrekari islets are rocky small outerislets with endangered plant species. They also serve asan educational site. Kaunissaari island to the east of theOlkiluoto Island is a site of cultural history.The Kalattila grove has local conservation value. TheKalattila grove has peculiar luxuriant grove vegetationtypical of the northern Rauma archipelago (SatakuntaRegional Council 1996).6.10 People and communities in the vicinity ofOlkiluotoThe population of Olkiluoto island is very low. The nearesthouses are located approximately one kilometre from thepower plant site on Kornamaa island.The island and the nearby coastal areas and islandshave a lot of holiday homes. Approximately 550 holidayhomes are located within five kilometres of the repositorysite. The nearest holiday homes are located on the northerncoast of Olkiluoto (Munakari). The nearest holidayhomes in the south-southwest sector are located on Leppäkartaisland.In 2006, the municipality of Eurajoki had a populationof more than 5,800. From 1960 to 2006, the populationhas varied between 5,200–6,200 (Ollikainen & Rimpiläinen1997, Statistics Finland 2007). In 2004, more than half ofthe labour force in the municipality was employed in serviceindustry, less than 40% in processing and less than10% in production. TVO is the largest employer in themunicipality.There are four schools within a 10 km range of the repository.The schools are primary schools and the pupilsare 7 to 13 years of age. A map showing schools, day-carecentres, old-age homes and health centres located in thevicinity of the final disposal site will be included in the environmentalimpact assessment report.6.11 TrafficEurajoki central village is located along highway 8 betweenRauma and Pori. The Olkiluodontie road (connecting roadnumber 2176, Lapijoki–Olkiluoto) leading to Olkiluotoseparates from highway 8 at Lapijoki. The crossing is someseven kilometres from Rauma and some 40 km from Pori.Olkiluoto can also be accessed from Rauma via the Sorkantieroad through the Hankkila village to Olkiluodontie.A road goes from Hankkila to Eurajoki via Linnamaa. Theroads to Olkiluoto and the average traffic volumes (vehiclesper day) metered in 2007 are shown in Figure 6-10.The traffic volumes at Olkiluoto vary a great deal asa result of major construction projects and maintenancecarried out during annual plant outages. Traffic has beenbusier than normal in 2007 due to traffic attributable tothe OL3 and ONKALO construction sites. The busiestsection of the Olkiluodontie road (highway 2176) is theone-kilometre-long stretch immediately after the junctionof highway 8 towards Olkiluoto. The average daily numberof vehicles metered on Olkiluodontie during a two-weekperiod in late August to early September 2007 was 2,850vehicles per day (Ramboll Finland Oy 2007). Most of thetraffic is the result of people commuting to work.The amount of traffic metered on the road (12766)leading from Sorkka to Hankkila in August-September2007 was 910 vehicles per day on average, while that onthe road (12771) from Linnamaa to Hankkila and Olkiluodontiewas 670 vehicles per day on average (Ram boll FinlandOy 2007). In 2006, an average of 10,015 vehicles perday used highway 8 between Rauma and Eurajoki (RoadAdministration 2007).6.12 The current noise status of the OlkiluotoareaMeasurements and calculations have been carried out in2005, 2006 and 2007 to survey the Olkiluoto noise levels.The noise measurements on the nearby islands varied betweenL Aeq42–46 dB. The measurements were conductedduring the daytime while the OL3 construction site wasoperating. Calculated noise levels at the nearest holidayhomes in various circumstances varied between 36–38 dBat night in 2005 and 45–47 dB by day during construction.According to the results, the OL3 construction sitemay cause the daytime directive value for noise in holidayhome areas (L Aeq45 dB) to be exceeded at the nearestholiday homes. However, the night-time directive was notexceeded in the situation prevailing in 2005.47

7 Environmental impact assessment and the methods used therein7 Environmental impact assessmentand the methods used therein7.1 GeneralThe assessment of environmental impacts will focuson those impacts that are considered and felt to be significant.Information about issues deemed important bycitizens and various interest groups will be obtained inconnection with the notification and hearing procedures,among other things.The significance of environmental impacts will be assessedon the basis of, for example, the settlement andnatural environment of the observed area as well as bycomparing the tolerance of the environment with regardto each environmental burden. In addition to the investigationscarried out, the existing specifications, such asrelease limits for radioactive materials, will be employedwhen assessing the environmental tolerance.The results of the environmental impact assessmentwill be collected in an Environmental Impact AssessmentReport (EIA report). All relevant existing environmentaldata, as well as the results of the prepared environmentalimpact assessments, will be presented in the EIA report.The EIA report will also include a plan for the mitigation ofdetrimental environmental impacts.The delimitations of the environmental impact assessmentin terms of each specific impact, the environmentalimpacts to be investigated, and the methods to be usedare presented below. The delimitation of the observed andaffected areas is given in connection with the descriptionof each impact assessment.7.2 Assessment of impacts7.2.1 Assessment of environmental impacts duringconstructionAt the beginning of the expansion phase, the surfacebuildings and structures of the disposal facility exist andsurface construction is not needed. The disposal facilitywill be constructed and expanded as required for the disposalof the spent fuel. The final disposal will end when allthe spent fuel to be placed in the Olkiluoto bedrock hasbeen disposed of.The EIA report will include descriptions of the constructionwork required by the expansion of the disposalfacility. All impacts from construction will be assessedbased on feedback obtained during the interaction, andon the basis of research and experiences obtained whenconstructing the ONKALO facility.7.2.2 Assessment of environmental impacts fromtransport of spent nuclear fuel and other trafficThe most major traffic impacts of the project will arisefrom the construction and use of the disposal facility andfrom the transport of spent nuclear fuel. Changes to thecurrent traffic volumes arising from transports, as wellas the means and routes of transport, will be presented.The noise impacts caused by the traffic and its effects oncomfort and traffic safety will be assessed based on thetraffic changes in residential areas. The required changesto the traffic arrangements in these areas, as well as theirimpacts, will be assessed.The EIA report will include an assessment of the safetyand impacts to the environment of the various spentnuclear fuel transport alternatives based on the surveysdone.The impacts of transport and road traffic will be studiedfor those roads which will be changed due to the project.7.2.3 Assessment of impacts on land use, culturalheritage, buildings and structuresThe project’s impacts on landscape, present and plannedland use, and the developed environment will be assessedin terms of the land use plans and development of thearea.The landscape impacts will be assessed based on theplans prepared for the project, existing reviews and terrainvisits, as well as map and aerial photo studies. The landscapeimpacts will arise from buildings above ground tobe built at the disposal facility and the related activity. Thecharacteristics of the environment in the vicinity of the locationsite, as well as the sites of value in the landscape49

7 Environmental impact assessment and the methods used thereinand cultural environment, will be recorded by means oftext, maps and photographs. In the impact assessment,the question of whether the expansion of the final disposalarea will change the landscape characteristics of the sites,from which direction the view towards the location willchange significantly, and whether significant impacts onsites of value in the landscape and environment will arise,will be studied.The term ‘observed landscape area’ refers to the area inwhich the disposal facility buildings can be clearly seen.7.2.4 Assessment of soil, bedrock and groundwaterimpactsThe impacts of the project on the soil and bedrock of thefacility area will be assessed based on the terrain, the qualityof the soil and bedrock, and the area required for thedisposal facility and the associated structures as well asthe dimensions of underground elements. The impacts ofthe heat generated by the spent fuel in the bedrock will beassessed.Extensive research of the bedrock such as quarrying,drilling and geophysical sounding has been and will becarried out at Olkiluoto for the purpose of planning spentnuclear fuel disposal. The studies will investigate theproperties of rock and the groundwater flow routes, andprovide confirmation for the rock models in the Olkiluotoresearch area.Posiva’s bedrock data is mainly based on 48 holesdrilled in the rock and measurements taken from theseholes between 1989 and 2007. Furthermore, informationabout the properties of the bedrock has been gatheredsince the construction of the ONKALO facility by systematicallysurveying the walls of the tunnel.Posiva published a geological site model for Olkiluotoin early 2006. After publication of the geological model,the hydrogeological flow model was updated based on thegeological model and hydrological research data. The hydrogeochemicaland rock mechanical models were alsoupdated in 2006. A summary report was drawn up for thesaid models (Anderson et al., 2007), published at the beginningof 2007.The impacts on groundwater, the location of the disposalfacility with respect to groundwater areas and thepotential risks imposed on groundwater due to constructionand operation, such as groundwater level reductions,will be examined. The assessment will be based on existingsurveys, calculations and studies, and these will be supplementedwith further studies if necessary. The amountof groundwater that will leak into the underground rockfacilities will be assessed.The impacts of the construction of the ONKALO facilitywill be monitored by means of measuring and monitoringseveral hydrological, geochemical, environmental,rock mechanics and foreign agent parameters. The hydrologicalmonitoring programme will include the follow-50

7 Environmental impact assessment and the methods used thereining: groundwater level, groundwater pressure height, flowconditions in open holes, groundwater flow rate (crossflow in holes), water conductivity, groundwater salinityand electrical conductivity, precipitation (incl. snowfall),sea water level, runoff surface waters, infiltration, groundfrost, water leakage in tunnels, water balance of the tunnelsystem and water balance of the Korvensuo reservoir.7.2.5 Assessment of air and air quality impactsThe air emissions of the planned expansion of the disposalfacility will be presented. Their impacts on the environmentand people will be assessed based on the existingresearch data.Excavation work, site traffic and separate functions(such as rock crushing and deposition of rock material)will locally generate dust during construction. Vehiclesand machinery will cause atmospheric emissions. Theseemissions and their impacts will be assessed by experts.7.2.6 Assessment of water system impactsWater supply arrangements will be described and the impactsof the water supply on the environment will be assessed.Treatment of wastewater generated during the operationof the planned disposal facility and the resulting loadswill be discussed. The increase in wastewater volumes dueto the expansion of the disposal facility will be assessed.The impacts of wastewater on the quality of seawater willbe assessed based on the existing research data.7.2.7 Assessment of the impacts of waste andby-products and their treatmentThe EIA report will describe the quantity, quality and treatmentof ordinary, hazardous and radioactive waste generatedat the disposal facility and assess the related environmentalimpacts. The increase in waste quantities due tothe expansion of the disposal facility will be assessed.7.2.8 Assessment of the impacts of noise and vibrationThe operations that will cause the most noise during thesurvey, building and operational phases of the disposalfacility are quarrying, crushing and transportation. Noiseimpacts will be assessed based on the results of noisemeasurements carried out at Olkiluoto, the design data,a noise model drawn up during the EIA procedure of TVO(Ramboll Finland Oy, 2007), and the data and standardsconcerning the level of environmental noise. Vibrationwill be assessed based on the monitoring results obtainedduring construction of the ONKALO facility.7.2.9 Assessment of impacts on vegetation, animals andobjects of protectionThe impacts of the disposal facility on flora and fauna areprimarily related to the land areas required for buildingsand structures, as well as the construction work. Theseimpacts will be assessed by experts.The impacts of radioactive emissions and releases onorganisms will be assessed. Where applicable, the recommendedradiation levels of the International Commissionon Radiological Protection, ICRP, will be used in the assessment.The project’s direct and possible indirect impacts onflora and fauna will be assessed by experts. On the basisof these results, the impacts of the alternatives for theproject on biological diversity and interactions will be assessed.In the assessment work, the question of whether theproject, either individually or in combination with otherprojects and plans, is likely to have a significant adverseeffect on the ecological values that serve as the conservationbasis of the nearest Natura areas will be reviewed. Onthe basis of the review, it will be decided whether a Naturaassessment pursuant to Section 65 of the Nature ConservationAct will be carried out.7.2.10 Assessment of impacts on utilisation of naturalresourcesThe impacts on utilisation of natural resources refer toboth the use of natural resources and prevention of theuse of natural resources. The EIA report will include descriptionsof the use of natural resources and the impactsarising from their use. In connection with the utilisation ofnatural resources, the utilisation and use of quarried materialgenerated and the consumption of natural resourcesrequired by the project (such as copper) will be assessed,among other things.7.2.11 Assessment of impacts on humansIn the environmental impact assessment, the impacts ofthe expansion of the repository on people’s health, comfortand living standards in terms of, for example, landuse changes, landscape impacts, increased radiationdose caused by radioactive emissions, traffic impacts,and noise will be studied. In addition to the above, theassessment report will also discuss the impacts of potentialaccidents. The focus areas of the assessment will beselected based on the feedback received from area residentsand commuters. The interaction taking place in theaudit group and the discussion meetings, as well as theinformation obtained from various interest groups and51

7 Environmental impact assessment and the methods used thereinthe media, will serve as a tool for assessing the project’simpact on people. To support the assessment of socialimpacts, group interviews for various interest groupswill be arranged to survey the opinions residents in thesurroundings of the disposal facility and parties active inEurajoki have with regard to the project.In the assessment of impacts on people, the main focuswill be on the neighbouring regions of Olkiluoto – thatis, Eurajoki and Rauma.Living conditions, comfort and recreationA resident survey carried out in connection with the landuse planning of Olkiluoto and other resident surveys orderedby Posiva will be utilised in the preparation of theEIA report, where applicable.The impacts of the project on recreational opportunitiesand comfort will be evaluated based on changes intraffic volumes, for example. Noise impacts will be assessedbased on the results of noise measurements carriedout in the vicinity of Olkiluoto, noise modelling, thedesign data, and information and standards concerningthe level of environmental noise.Health impactsThe increase in radiation dose for residents in the surroundingarea caused by the transport of spent nuclearfuel and radioactive releases from the disposal facility expansionwill be assessed. Health impacts and risks will beassessed using calculations based on radiation exposure.Furthermore, a book published by the Radiation and NuclearSafety Authority, ‘Health Impacts of Radiation’, willbe used as an aid in assessing the health impacts. Thebook offers basic information about the health impacts ofionizing radiation.The impacts on people’s health and comfort will beassessed using the human impact assessment guidelinesprepared by Stakes, the National Research and DevelopmentCentre for Welfare and Health (www.stakes.fi). Theguidebook on the application of the Finnish law on EIA inthe assessment of health and social impacts, publishedby the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (Ministry ofSocial Affairs and Health, 1999), will also be utilised in theassessment.The management of long-term safety (Chapter 7.4) willensure that the repository will not cause any health impacts.7.2.12 Impacts on community structure, local economyand the image of the municipality of EurajokiThe assessment report will evaluate the number of directand indirect jobs generated in the region by the constructionand operation of the disposal facility. The project’simpacts on the development of the economic structure,planning of social activity and the outlooks of local companieswill also be studied. The impacts on the regionalstructure and regional economy will also be examined inthe whole Satakunta area at the broadest.The regional economy impacts will be assessed byusing the working report by Posiva, ‘Regional economic,socioeconomic and municipal economic impacts of a disposalfacility for spent nuclear fuel’ (Laakso et al., 2007).The report includes an up-to-date assessment regardingthe impacts of the construction of the disposal facilityon employment, population development, construction,community structure and municipal economy in the municipalityof Eurajoki and the broader affected area.The impacts of the project on the image of the municipalityof Eurajoki will be assessed by using the working reportby Posiva, ‘Municipal Image Survey 2006’ (CorporateImage Oy, 2007). The survey studied the image of Eurajokiamongst residents, Finnish consumers and representativesof companies. The survey was a follow-up study to asimilar survey done in 1998. The survey was conducted byinterviewing 500 consumers, 200 representatives of companiesand 200 residents of Eurajoki over the phone fromOctober to December 2006.7.3 Assessment of the impacts of exceptionaland accident situationsThe EIA report will study the impacts of accidents on thehealth of people and the environment based on safetyanalyses and requirements imposed for the disposal facility.The impacts of exceptional situations will be assessedbased on the extensive research data on the health andenvironmental impacts of radiation. Radiation doses andaffected areas in case of an accident will be assessed.7.4 Assessment of long-term safetyThe safety design bases of the planned disposal facility,as regards the limitation of radioactive releases and environmentalimpacts, will be presented in the assessmentreport. An assessment of the possibilities for meeting thecurrently valid safety requirements will also be presented.The assessment will be based on estimates of the finaldisposal of 9,000 tons of spent fuel, updated in 2008.The long-term safety of the final disposal of the spentfuel will be proven by means of a so-called safety case.The Safety Case project (SAFCA) established in 2005 isin charge of drawing up the safety case. The safety caseconsists of approximately ten main reports that are regu-52

7 Environmental impact assessment and the methods used thereinlarly updated. A safety case plan for the nuclear fuel disposalfacility to be built in Olkiluoto was drawn up in 2005(Vieno & Ikonen, 2005), and the plan will be updated in2008. The currently ongoing long-term safety survey isbased on the requirements of the disposal facility’s constructionlicence.The safety analyses included in the safety case will studyradiation doses extending over a period of thousands ofyears both in development scenarios deemed likely andin unlikely events compromising the long-term safety; forperiods longer than that, the emission speeds of radioactivesubstances into the living environment related to suchevents and development scenarios will be assessed.The safety analyses will present conservative assessmentsof the radiation doses and possible release of radionuclides.The purpose of the analyses is to study theconsequences on people or the environment if one or severalemission barriers failed and radioactive substanceswere released from the disposal facility into the environment.The safety analyses also deal with the uncertaintiesconnected with the assessment of the behaviour of thedisposal system, various events and processes. When assessingrisks, the probability of the events will be takeninto account.The radiation doses and emissions speeds will be comparedwith the safety requirements that have been specifiedin legislation and YVL guides published by STUK.7.5 Assessment of associated projectsThe impacts of Posiva’s owners’ planned new nuclearpower plant units on the disposal facility’s expansionproject will be assessed based on the information availablefrom the nuclear power plant unit projects.7.6 Assessment of zero-option impactsThe zero-option is the non-implementation of the project.This means that the condition of the environment and theimpact of environmental loads correspond to the situationin which the amount of spent nuclear fuel to be stored is9,000 tU.The information included in the EIA report drawn upin 1999 will be updated and the project’s impact assessmentswill be updated to comply with the current designstatus. A summary of the information will be included inthe project’s EIA report.7.7 Comparison of alternativesThe impacts of different alternatives will be compared bymeans of a qualitative comparison table. The major environmentalimpacts of different alternatives – positive,negative and neutral alike – will be recorded in this tablein an illustrative and uniform manner. The environmentalfeasibility of the alternatives will also be assessed in thisconnection, based on the results of the environmental impactassessment.The interaction taking place in the audit group and thediscussion meetings, as well as the information obtainedfrom various interest groups and the media, will serve as atool for assessing the significance of the project’s impacts.The opinions of residents, the audit group and operatingagencies will be recorded in the EIA report.53

8 Legislation and guidelines regarding final disposal of nuclear fuel8 Legislation and guidelines regardingfinal disposal of nuclear fuelNuclear waste management in Finland is regulated by theNuclear Energy Act and the Nuclear Energy Decree thatcame into force in 1988. These define, for example, theliabilities of a nuclear energy producer, implementation ofnuclear waste management, permit procedures and supervisionrights. (YEL 990/1987 and YEA 161/1988.)In 1994, the Nuclear Energy Act was amended so thatall nuclear waste generated in Finland must be disposedof in Finland. Furthermore, the Nuclear Energy Act prohibitsthe import of nuclear waste to Finland.The disposal facility is especially affected by a GovernmentDecision, 478/1999, regarding the safety of disposalof spent nuclear fuel. The radiation dose limits set forth inthe decision for the disposal facilities are stricter than thelimits set forth for nuclear power plants. For example, thedecision states that under no period of time may final disposalof nuclear fuel pose any health-related or environmentalimpacts that exceed the maximum level approvedat the time the final disposal is carried out. (The FinnishGovernment, 1999.)STUK has also issued guidelines for applying the decision478/1999, YVL 8.4, dated 23 May 2001, ‘Long-termsafety of final disposal of spent nuclear fuel’. The guidelinerefers to final disposal in crystalline bedrock in disposalfacilities constructed at a depth of several hundredsmetres, and it deals with the long-term safety of final disposal.Furthermore, STUK has issued the guideline YVL8.5, ‘Use of final disposal facility of spent nuclear fuel’.This guideline offers more detailed instructions about thedesign, construction and use of a disposal facility. (Radiationand Nuclear Safety Authority STUK, 2001 and 2002.)The regulations governing nuclear energy (the NuclearEnergy Act, the Nuclear Energy Decree, the GovernmentDecisions and the YVL guidelines) are currently being revised.55

9 Licences, permits, plans, notifications and decisions required for the project9 Licences, permits, plans,notifications and decisions requiredfor the project9.1 Land use planningThe construction of the planned disposal facility does notrequire any changes to land use planning.9.2 Environmental impact assessment andinternational hearingAccording to the Act on Environmental Impact AssessmentProcedure (468/1994) and the Decree on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Procedure (713/2006), theconstruction of a facility for final disposal of nuclear fuelrequires that an environmental impact assessment procedurebe arranged. According to the Nuclear Energy Act,the environmental impact assessment report shall be includedin the application for a decision-in-principle concerningthe construction of a nuclear power plant.The assessment of transboundary environmental impactshas been agreed upon in the so-called Espoo Convention(Convention on Environmental Impact Assessmentin a Transboundary Context). Finlans ratified thisUNECE Convention in 1995. The Convention entered intoforce in 1997.The parties to the Convention are entitled to participatein an environmental impact assessment procedurecarried out in Finland if the detrimental environmentalimpacts of the project being assessed are likely to affectthe State in question. Correspondingly, Finland in entitledto participate in an environmental impact assessmentprocedure concerning a project located in the area of anotherState if the impacts of the project are likely to affectFinland.9.3 Decisions, licences and permits pursuant tothe Nuclear Energy Act9.3.1 Decision-in-principleA disposal facility for nuclear fuel is a nuclear facility ofconsiderable general significance referred to in the NuclearEnergy Act, the construction of which requires adecision-in-principle of the Government showing that theconstruction project benefits the society as a whole.A decision-in-principle is applied for by submitting anapplication to the Government. The processing of the applicationfor a decision-in-principle is not solely based onthe material submitted by the applicant; instead, the authoritieswill also obtain other reports, both those definedin the Nuclear Energy Decree and those otherwise considerednecessary, in which the project is assessed frommore general points of view. For the purpose of processingthe decision-in-principle application, the Ministry ofEmployment and the Economy will invite statements fromthe municipal council of the municipality intended as thesite of the facility and from its neighbouring municipalities,as well from the Ministry of the Environment andother authorities indicated in the Nuclear Energy Decree.In addition to the above, the Ministry must also obtain apreliminary safety assessment of the project from STUK.Before the decision-in-principle is made, the applicantshall, according to instructions by the Ministry of Employmentand the Economy, compile an overall descriptionof the facility, the environmental impacts it is expectedto have and its safety, and make it generally available tothe public after being inspected by the Ministry. The EIAreport shall be enclosed with the decision-in-principle application.The Ministry of Employment and the Economy shallprovide residents and municipalities in the immediatevicinity of the nuclear facility, as well as the local authorities,with an opportunity to present their opinions on theproject before the decision-in-principle is made. Furthermore,the Ministry shall arrange a public gathering in themunicipality in which the planned site of the facility is locatedand during this gathering the public shall have theopportunity to give their opinions. Those opinions shallbe made known to the Government.The granting of the decision-in-principle will be consideredin accordance with Section 14 of the Nuclear EnergyAct. A supporting statement from the municipality intendedto be the site of the planned nuclear facility is an essentialprerequisite for approving a decision-in-principle.57

9 Licences, permits, plans, notifications and decisions required for the projectWhen considering an application, the Government willpay special attention to:− the need for the nuclear facility project with regardto the country’s energy supply− the suitability of the intended site of the nuclearfacility and its impacts on the environment, and− arrangements for the nuclear fuel and waste management.The Government decision-in-principle shall be forwardedto Parliament for perusal. The Parliament may reversethe decision-in-principle as such or may decide thatit remains in force as such but Parliament is not allowedto revise the contents.Prior to the entry into force of the decision-in-principle,the applicant shall not enter into any financially significantprocurement agreements relating to the construction ofthe facility.9.3.2 Construction licenceThe decision-in-principle issued by the Government is followedby the actual licensing procedure. The Governmentgrants the licences to construct and operate a nuclear facility.A licence to construct a nuclear facility may be grantedif the decision-in-principle ratified by Parliament hasdeemed the construction of a nuclear facility to benefit thesociety as a whole and the construction of the nuclear facilityalso meets the prerequisites for granting a constructionlicence for a nuclear facility as provided in Section 19of the Nuclear Energy Act.In accordance with the current schedules and the decisionof the Ministry of Employment and the Economy, thePosiva construction licence documents will be submittedto the supervising authorities by the end of the year 2012(KTM 9/815/2003). The decision-in-principle states that aconstruction licence for the disposal facility shall be appliedfor in 2016 at the latest (the Government, 2000 and2002).Furthermore, the Ministry of Employment and theEconomy has stated that Posiva’s readiness to apply fora construction licence will be studied based on the documentsto be submitted in 2009. In 2009, the Ministry ofEmployment and the Economy shall be presented with thereports required when issuing a construction licence describedin Section 32 of the Nuclear Energy Decree. Thereports shall show which parts of the documents requiredby the construction licence are incomplete, how and onwhat schedule they shall be supplement.As part of the construction licence procedure of the disposalfacility, Posiva shall deliver to the authorities severalreports showing the safety of the facility in accordance withthe Nuclear Energy Act and the Nuclear Energy Decree, forexample. These include detailed technical designs of thefacility, safety reports and up-to-date reports regarding theenvironmental impacts of all the waste types to be placed inthe facility and the design principles Posiva plans to followin order to avoid environmental damage and to reduce theenvironmental load. (The Finnish Government, 2000.)9.3.3 Operating licenceThe operation of a nuclear facility requires an operatinglicence issued by the Government. The licence to operatea nuclear facility may be issued as soon as a constructionlicence has been granted, providing the prerequisiteslisted in Section 20 of the Nuclear Energy Act are met.These preconditions include:− the operation of the nuclear facility has been arrangedso that industrial safety, the population’ssafety and environmental protection have been appropriatelytaken into account,− the methods available to the applicant for arrangingnuclear waste management are sufficient andappropriate,− the applicant has sufficient expertise available and,in particular, the competence of the operating staffand the operating organisation of the nuclear facilityare appropriate, and− the applicant is considered to have the financialand other necessary prerequisites to engage inoperations safely and in accordance with Finland’sinternational contractual obligations.Operation of the nuclear facility shall not be startedon the basis of a licence granted until the Radiation andNuclear Safety Authority has ascertained that the nuclearfacility meets the prerequisites prescribed by law and theMinistry of Employment and the Economy has ascertainedthat provision for the cost of nuclear waste managementhas been arranged in a manner required by law.In Finland, the operation licence of a nuclear powerplant is only granted for a fixed term. In considering theduration of the licence, special attention is paid to safetyprecautions and the estimated duration of operations.The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority can interruptthe operation of a nuclear power plant if it is necessary forensuring safety.58

9 Licences, permits, plans, notifications and decisions required for the project9.4 Notifications pursuant to the EuratomTreatyThe European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) Treatyrequires that each Member State provides the Commissionwith plans relating to the disposal of radioactive waste(Article 37) in order to assess whether implementationof the plan will cause radioactive contamination of water,soil or air in another member country. In accordance withArticle 77, the Commission also controls nuclear safetyin order to ensure that, for example, spent fuel is nottransferred to any other place than that given and that thelicensee declares to the Commission the technical characteristicsof the installation for its control (Article 78) andsubmits an investment notification (Article 41).9.5 Other permitsA spent nuclear fuel disposal facility, and an encapsulatingfacility in particular, require several environmental permitsduring their construction and operation. These include,for example, a building permit, an environmental permitas well as the permits for changing the quality of groundwaterand conducting water in accordance with the WaterAct. These permits shall be applied for before the operationsbegin, in compliance with all valid national and municipalregulations.A building permit for each building shall be applied forfrom the municipality. Currently, the plan is to apply fora building permit for at least a ventilation shaft building,an encapsulating facility, underground disposal facilitiesand an operating building. In addition to these, a separatepermit is required for crushing, for example. There is currentlya valid permit for the deposition of rock material.There are separate permits for the underground researchfacility ONKALO. A building permit from the municipalityof Eurajoki has been obtained for the ONKALOfacility and the building above ground serving the facility.The municipal Building Committee granted the permit on12 August 2003.In accordance with Section 8 of the Nuclear EnergyAct, transport of spent nuclear fuel requires a permit, anda permit in accordance with Sections 56–60 of the NuclearEnergy Decree shall be applied for transport. Roadtransport of spent nuclear fuel and the technology used inthe transport are regulated by, for example:− The Act on the Transport of Dangerous Goods(719/1994)− The Decree (146/1992) and Decision of the Ministryof Transport regarding road transport of dangerousgoods (147/1992) and the Decree on aDriving Certificate of Drivers of Vehicles CarryingDangerous Goods (724/1991)− STUK guidelines YVL 6.4 and YVL 6.5.A separate permit is required for the transport of spentnuclear fuel during the operation of a disposal facility, andthe permits required for transport of nuclear materialsand nuclear wastes are issued by STUK separately for thetransport of each fuel consignment. Transport may notbegin before STUK has ascertained that the transportationequipment, the transport arrangements and safetyand emergency arrangements meet the set requirementsand that the nuclear liability in the event of nuclear damagehas been properly covered (YEA, § 56, § 115). The firsttransportation permit will be applied for around the year2020.59

10 Mitigation of adverse impacts, 11 Uncertainty factors, 12 Project impact monitoring10 Mitigation of adverse impactsThe possibilities for preventing or mitigating the adverseimpacts of the project, and its associated projects, bymeans of design or implementation will be investigatedduring the assessment work. A report on the mitigationmeasures and nuclear safety systems will be presented inthe assessment report.11 Uncertainty factorsThe available environmental data and the assessment ofimpacts always involve assumptions and generalisations.Furthermore, the available technical data is very preliminaryat this stage. Lack of sufficient data may cause uncertaintyand inaccuracy in the assessment work. Since the disposalfacility will not be expanded until decades from now, the assessmentincludes a high degree of uncertainty.During the assessment work, the potential uncertaintyfactors will be identified as comprehensively as possibleand their impact on the reliability of impact assessmentswill be considered. These issues will be described in theassessment report.12 Project impact monitoringA proposal for the content of the environmental impactmonitoring programme will be prepared in connectionwith the impact assessment. The monitoring aims at:− providing information about the project’s impacts,− investigating which changes have resulted fromthe project implementation,− investigating how the results of the impact assessmentcorrespond with reality,− investigating how the measures for mitigating adverseimpacts have succeeded, and− initiating the required measures if significant unforeseenadverse impacts occur.61

13 Literature13 LiteratureAir-Ix Suunnittelu 2007. Eurajoen kunta, Olkiluodon Osayleiskaava (Eurajoki Municipality, partial master plan forOlkiluoto). Rauman kaupunki, pohjoisten rantojen osayleiskaavan muutos (Town of Rauma, amendment to thepartial master plan for the northern shores). Plan description draft.Andersson, J., Ahokas, H., Hudson, J. A., Koskinen, L., Luukkonen, A., Jari Löfman, J., Keto, V., Pitkänen, P., Mattila, J.,Ikonen, A. T. K., Ylä-Mella, M., 2007. Olkiluoto Site Description 2006. POSIVA 2007–03.Corporate Image Oy 2007. Municipal Image Survey 2006. Posiva, Working report 2007–73.Eronen, M., Glückert, G., van de Plassche, O., van de Plicht, J. & Rantala, P. 1995. Land uplift in the Olkiluoto-Pyhäjärviarea, Southwestern Finland, during the last 8,000 years. Nuclear Waste Commission of Finnish Power Companies(YJT), Helsinki, Finland. Report YJT-95-17, 26 p.Haapanen, R., Aro, L., Ilvesniemi, H., Kareinen, T., Kirkkala, T., Lahdenperä, A.-M., Mykrä, S., Turkki, H., Ikonen, A.2007. Olkiluoto Biosphere Description 2006. POSIVA 2007–02.University of Helsinki 2007. Department of Seismology. [http://www.seis mo.helsin ki.fi/in dex.htm]Ikonen, A.T.K. 2007. Meteorological data and update of climate statistics of Olkiluoto, 2005–2006. Posiva, Workingreport 2007-86.Insinööritoimisto Paavo Ristola Oy, Ramboll 2007. Olkiluodon osayleiskaava, luonnon perustilaselvitys (Partial masterplan for Olkiluoto, survey of the basic state of nature). 29 January 2007. 25 p. + enclosures.Insinööritoimisto Paavo Ristola Oy 2006b. Arviointi vaikutuksista Liiklankarin Natura 2000 -alueen luontoarvoihin(Assessment of impacts on nature values of Liiklankari Natura 2000 area). Teollisuuden Voima. 12 December2006.Kirkkala, T. & Turkki, H. 2005. Rauman ja Eurajoen edustan merialue (Sea in front of Rauma and Eurajoki). In: Sarvala,M. & Sarvala, J. (ed.) Miten voit, Selkämeri? Ympäristön tila Lounais-Suomessa (How are you doing, BothnianSea? State of the environment in Southwest Finland). Southwest Finland Regional Environment Centre. Turku.p. 48–65.Laakso, S., Kuisma, H., Kilpeläinen, P., Kostiainen, E. 2007. Käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoituslaitoksen aluetaloudelliset,sosioekonomiset ja kunnallistaloudelliset vaikutukset (Regional economic, socioeconomic and municipaleconomic impacts of a disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel). Posiva, Working Report 2007-94.63

13 LiteratureLahdenperä, A-M., Palmén, J., Hellä, P. 2005. Summary of Overburden Studies at Olkiluoto with an emphasis onGeosphere-Biosphere Interface. Posiva, Working Report 2005-11.National Board of Antiquities 2007. Rakennettu kulttuuriympäristö (Constructed cultural environment). List of culturaland historical environments of national significance in 1993. [http://www.nba.fi/rky1993/maa kun ta4.htm]Ollikainen, T & Rimpiläinen, A. 1997. Eurajoen aluekuvaus (Description of the Eurajoki region). Posiva, WorkingReport 97-14.Posiva 2003. Programme of monitoring at Olkiluoto during construction and operation of the ONKALO. Posiva,POSIVA 2003–05.Posiva 2007. Olkiluodon ja Loviisan voimalaitosten ydinjätehuolto (Nuclear waste management in Olkiluoto andLoviisa nuclear power plants). Yhteenveto vuoden 2006 toiminnasta (Summary of operations in 2006). 40 p.Ram boll Analytics Oy 2007. Olkiluodon meluselvitys 2007 (Olkiluoto Noise Survey 2007).Ram boll Finland Oy 2007. Olkiluodon osayleiskaava, liikenneselvitys (Olkiluoto partial master plan, noise survey).31 October 2007.Ramboll 2007. Pikkuapollon esiintyminen Olkiluodon osayleiskaava-alueella 2007 (Distribution of Clouded Apollo inthe Olkiluoto partial master plan area). 28 August 2007.Rantataro, J. 2001. Acoustic-seismic research in the sea area near Olkiluoto in the year 2000. Posiva Oy, WorkingReport 2001-11.Saari, J., Lakio, A. 2007. Local Seismic Network at the Olkiluoto Site. Annual Report for 2006. Posiva, Working Report2007-55.Satakunta Regional Council 1996. Satakunnan seutukaava 5 (Satakunta regional plan 5). Ratified by the Ministry of theEnvironment on 11 January 1999.Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 1999. Ympäristövaikutusten arviointi (Environmental Impact Assessment).Ihmisiin koh dis tu vat terveydelliset ja sosiaaliset vaikutukset (Health-related and social impacts on people).Guide leaflets 1999:1. 51 p.Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. 2002. YVL 8.5 Käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoituslaitoksen käyttö (Use offinal disposal facility of spent nuclear fuel), 23 December 2002.Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. 2001. YVL 8.4 Käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoituksen pitkäaikaisturvallisuus(Long-term safety of final disposal of spent nuclear fuel), 23 May 2001.64

13 LiteratureTaivainen, O. 2007. Olkiluodon voimalaitoksen jäähdytys-, prosessi- ja saniteettivesien tarkkailuohjelman tulostenraportti vuodelta 2006 (Report regarding Olkiluoto power plant’s cooling, process and sanitary watermonitoring programme for 2006). Teollisuuden Voima Oy. 21 p.Tamminen, P., Aro, L. & Salemaa, M. 2007. Forest soil survey and mapping of vegetation nutrition on Olkiluoto Island.Results from the first inventory on FEH plots. Posiva, Working Report 2007-78.Tanskanen, J. 2006. Laitoskuvaus 2006. Loppusijoituslaitossuunnitelmien yhteenvetoraportti. (Plant description 2006.Summary report of disposal facility designs.) Posiva, Working Report 2006-102.Road Administration 2007. Finnranet, the road register of the Finnish Road Administration.Statistics Finland 2007. Municipal portal, the most important information about Finnish municipalities.http://www.stat.fi/tup/kunnat/kuntatiedot/051.html.Turkki, H. 2007. Olkiluodon lähivesien fysikaalis-kemiallinen ja biologinen tarkkailututkimus vuonna 2006. Vuosiyhteenveto.(Physical, chemical and biological survey of water systems near Olkiluoto in 2006. Annual summary.)Lounais-Suomen vesi- ja ympäristötutkimus Oy. Study Report 270. Turku 2007. 42 p. + attachments.The Finnish Government 2002. M 5/2001 vp. Government’s decision-in-principle regarding Posiva Oy’s applicationsubmitted on 17 January 2002 for constructing an expansion to a spent nuclear fuel disposal facility.The Finnish Government 2000. Government’s decision-in-principle regarding Posiva Oy’s application submitted on21 December 2000 for constructing a spent nuclear fuel disposal facility.The Finnish Government 1999.1999/478 Government’s decision regarding the safety of final disposal of spent nuclearfuel, 25 March.Vieno, T. & Ikonen, A. T. K. 2005. Plan for Safety Case of Spent Fuel Repository at Olkiluoto. POSIVA 2005-01.Ministry of the Environment 2003. Valta kun nallisten alu eidenkäyttö tavoit teiden soveltaminen kaavoituksessa (Applicationof nation-wide land use decisions in land use planning). Land Use and Building Act 2000, Guide leaflet 9,52 p.Yrjölä, R. 1997. Eurajoen Olkiluodon, Kuhmon Romuvaaran, Loviisan Hästholmenin ja Äänekosken Kivetyn linnustotutkimus1997 (Survey of birds in Olkiluoto of Eurajoki, Romuvaara of Kuhmo, Hästholmen of Loviisa and Kivettyof Äänekoski). Posiva Oy, Working Report 1997-44.65

Posiva OyOlkiluoto, FI-27160 EURAJOKITel. +358 2 837 231Fax +358 2 8372 3709Eura Print Oy 05/2008 500