MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com

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164could substantially improve and encourage the use of often under- orunemployed labor resources. The linkage and gear system developed toallow manual power with a centrifugalpump is a good example of suchdesigning (see Section 5.2.1).Although such projects can undoubtedly improve water lifting methods,without an equal amount of effort to distribute information of new developments,they are of little use. In addition, education in operating andmaintenance techniques must ac<strong>com</strong>pany any device into the field to avoidinefficient performance and/or breakdown with later abandoment. Theintroduction of modern pumps into a developing region should eventually leadto the development of the light or medium industry in that region which cansupply and service water lifting operations. This can also create employmentfor individuals replaced by mechanical drivers (Wade, 1975). A shift inattitudes (by education) is also needed to reduce the emphasis often placedon using larger or more modern devices. The use of animal power should beparticularly encouraged'in the many developing areas where working livestockis in abundance but often stands idle. In these areas, animal power isusually found to be cheaper to utilize than mechanical power when evaluatedon an annual cost basis (Svendsen, 1975).7.3 Technological GapsAlthough many improvements to water lifters are possible within thelimitations of current tec?i,ology, there are also several advancementswhich will require the discovery of new technologies and refinement of areaswhich are just now at the threshold stage. These are primarily in thegeneration of usable energy, e.g., solar, geothermal, nuclear, tidal.
165Reynolds (1970) writes, " . ..man must pay more attention to the developmentof natural power, conserving where he can the world's depleted stocks offuel."The National Academy of Sciences (1972) specifically advocates researchto develop semi-conductor solar generators and working fluid solar engines
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MICROFICHEREFERENCELIBFUUWA project
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:.LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF FIGURES (CONT)Figure3.163.1
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LIST OF TABLESTable2.12.2a2.2b3.13.
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2find both new water lifting device
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4During the 3rd centuryB.C., Archim
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GIn 1698, Thomas Savery obtained a
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9the United States was starting set
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11engines, motors, transmissions, e
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Chapter 2Water LiftingPrinciples2.1
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15Table 2.2a Classification of wate
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2.2.1 Discharge or Capacity (Q)Disc
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(h) Drawdown (D) is the vertical di
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21Tota I DynamicHeadI Total Static
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23Vapor Pressure (P,)Suction Fricti
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Multiplying all these efficiencies
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27NPSHR-Q, is also usually included
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3.2.1.1 Bucket/BagUtilizing nothing
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handmade construction can be easily
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animal is returning to the top, the
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363.2.1-S Counterpoise LiftThe coun
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38to return the lever. Combinations
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40Table 3.1Shadouf performanceLift
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(b)Figure 3.5 Scoop (a) used as sho
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‘PIVOT-r- ----hFigure 3.6 Wzcer b
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46water. The capacity of this devic
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- =7?=PIVOTCOUNTER WEIGHT\FLAP- VAL
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50(a)ROLLER 7- HAND RAIL/SIDE - BY-
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52flow in through a check-valve (e.
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54exhaust valves for the steam (or
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56Another significant difference be
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58shaft), two other forms of these
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60Among the simplest designs for a
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62/HANDLEBARDISCHARGEHOSEfFOOTRE$TD
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HANDLE/CONNECTINGARMDISCHARGEFLAP V
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663.3.1 WheelAfter many of the earl
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68Table 3.2 Manually-operated paddl
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70engine (2-3 hp) as the prime move
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72Table 3.3 records some of the per
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74Several names which are also appl
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76Table 3.5Zawafa performanceLiftDi
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78noria and the discharge and head
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80enclosed circumference can also b
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82Most early tympanums were of the
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84Table 3.6Tympanum performanceDiam
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86sufficiently compact and lightwei
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88of 3000 gpm or 5000 psig. Dependi
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SE;vlI - ROTARYBUCKET VANEU’C)Fig
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92(a)AIRCHAMBERAIR FEEDERVALVEWASTE
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94Table 3.8Ram performanceA. Typica
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COMPRESSEDAIRDEAofpctI5LT1EDUCTC II
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98FLASHTANK .iJI 10 -NON-RETURNVALV
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Because the components are not yet
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102air-lift pumps. The oscillation
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104and from the impeller and confin
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106making this type pump useful for
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90s; 80iTi!g 700E 60W50SPECIFIC SPE
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110to lubricate all or some of thei
Page 119 and 120: 112such variables as impeller size,
Page 121 and 122: 114GEAR HEADOR IVE SHAFTTO PRIME MO
Page 123 and 124: 116W(clFigure 4.6 (a) Thai-style ou
Page 125 and 126: 118DRIVINGSUCTIONDIFFUSERa- - =tQ,E
Page 127 and 128: DISCHARGELINE OISCHARGE RETURNLINEL
Page 129 and 130: -122which at $.20/kg, cost $6.00. H
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.1Manual power appl icat i a
Page 133 and 134: 126water lifting device. Animals ar
Page 135 and 136: 1285.4.1 WindWindmills are currentl
Page 137 and 138: 130even saw use on the windy plains
Page 139 and 140: 172HAL F CYLINDERSt------TO WATER L
Page 141 and 142: 135a vertical shaft, the wind will
Page 143 and 144: --Table 5.3 Typical winchnil 1 clpp
Page 145 and 146: Table 5.4 Typical watermill applica
Page 147 and 148: 141MEDIUM BREASTFigure 5.6 (a) Medi
Page 149 and 150: SLUICEGATEc, ~/I#/,.----- ------I L
Page 151 and 152: 145-H-f -- WH---@II
Page 153 and 154: 147with a 330,250 gpd capacity. Bat
Page 155 and 156: 149Where electric power is not econ
Page 157 and 158: 151electricity), the amount of use
Page 159 and 160: 153of building and installing the d
Page 161 and 162: 155II 300‘0083ooLoo93oo‘ootr000
Page 163 and 164: 157Example G .l (after Molenaar, 19
Page 165 and 166: LOW LIFT VERTICAL PUA /lPI------PER
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 7Improvements and Research
Page 169: 163example for further projects (Fa
Page 173 and 174: 16?BIBLIOGKAPlIYAddison, Ii., Ccntr
Page 175 and 176: 169Committee on Water Supply Engine
Page 177 and 178: Gatz, C. A., Johnston Vertical Pump
Page 179 and 180: 173Mother Earth News,1574.Ilandbook
Page 181 and 182: 175Reynolds, I. II. , “High Duty
Page 183 and 184: 177Svcndsen, M., "Irrigation Techno
Page 185 and 186: 179APPENDIX
Page 187 and 188: Tabic;: A.2 Area conversions and ab
Page 189 and 190: Table A.4 Pressure conversions and
Page 191 and 192: Table A.6 Discharge conversions and
Page 193 and 194: Table'A.8 Specific speed (N,) conve
Page 195: ABHPDD- area- brake horsepower- dia
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