MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com
MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com
162of other water ladder designs, with a variety of prime movers and transmissionsneeds to be studied also to better evaluate its application andprovide criteria for selection.With such studies as the two above serving as basic examples, similarresearch into the performance of other water lifters needs to be conducted.As mentioned throughout this paper, data on many devices is either nonexistentor available in only a limited quantity and quality for a scatteredor narrow range of capacities, heads, and designs. A survey study isinitially needed to determine the present levels of usage and possiblebenefits of modification for each type of water lifter. In this manner,a priority for detailed performance studies can be made to organize athorough research program. Through the review of references for this paper,some specific lifters which have a lack of data, but would appear to benefitfrom such studies include: (a) the mot, particularly the circular motdriven by other than animal power; (b) the counterpoise lift and doon,with emphasis on counterweight placement and weight to minimize manualeffort without the present trial-and-error construction techniques; (c)the picottah; (d) the bellows (as partially undertaken by IRRI); and (e)all screw and wheel devices with particular attention to presenting performanceas a function of size, power, and speed of operation (i.e., rpm).Among the missing data on most of these devices is cost. Some basic costparameters such as cost of construction or initial purchase, and of operation,need to be established to provide a practical component for the selectionprocess (Section 5.3).These studies must include a thorough program encompassing a surveyof user's needs, design, testing and evaluation. Such a program wasundertaken by Battelle Institute on its AID hand pump and serves as a good
163example for further projects (Fannon and Frink, 1970). The feasibilityof manufacturing these improved designs with local industry must be keptin mind during these studies. Not only does this minimize foreign dependence,but also increases local employment.A few specific improvements which might be considered are; (a) theuse of flexible tubing in the construction of tympanums and screws (seeFigure 3.47a), (b) use of multiple pulley systems to reduce load andtherefore animal size or number in mots, and (c) the increased use of flapvalves in devices which require submergence of a container (e.g., gutters,shadoof, etc.). An idea, similar to that of the Ag Bank's to build Persianwheels from truck differentials (Svendsen, 1975), is to use automotiverear axles, set vertically on one end, for a circular sweep which can beused with animal power to drive wheel-type water lifters. Specifically, ahorizontal arm can be welded (or otherwise attached) to the wheel at theupper end of the axle from which to harness the animal, while the driveshaftfrom the water lifter can be attached to the differential--where theautomitive drive-shaft was originally connected. Additionally, combinationsof prime movers should be studied, e.g., the use of bicycle and manualpower in rotary devices, using wind- or watermills with several rotarylifters, and making prime movers more economical by time-sharing amongother duties. The improvement of existing prime movers and transmissionsis equally as important toward increasing overall water lifting efficiencies.Prime mover studies should not be limited to mechanical methods. Programsto optimize wind- and watermill efficiencies could follow a format ofplanning, testing, and evaluation similar to that advocated above forwater lifters. Coordination of physiological information on manual andanimal power with the designing of water lifters is another area which
- Page 117 and 118: 110to lubricate all or some of thei
- Page 119 and 120: 112such variables as impeller size,
- Page 121 and 122: 114GEAR HEADOR IVE SHAFTTO PRIME MO
- Page 123 and 124: 116W(clFigure 4.6 (a) Thai-style ou
- Page 125 and 126: 118DRIVINGSUCTIONDIFFUSERa- - =tQ,E
- Page 127 and 128: DISCHARGELINE OISCHARGE RETURNLINEL
- Page 129 and 130: -122which at $.20/kg, cost $6.00. H
- Page 131 and 132: Table 5.1Manual power appl icat i a
- Page 133 and 134: 126water lifting device. Animals ar
- Page 135 and 136: 1285.4.1 WindWindmills are currentl
- Page 137 and 138: 130even saw use on the windy plains
- Page 139 and 140: 172HAL F CYLINDERSt------TO WATER L
- Page 141 and 142: 135a vertical shaft, the wind will
- Page 143 and 144: --Table 5.3 Typical winchnil 1 clpp
- Page 145 and 146: Table 5.4 Typical watermill applica
- Page 147 and 148: 141MEDIUM BREASTFigure 5.6 (a) Medi
- Page 149 and 150: SLUICEGATEc, ~/I#/,.----- ------I L
- Page 151 and 152: 145-H-f -- WH---@II
- Page 153 and 154: 147with a 330,250 gpd capacity. Bat
- Page 155 and 156: 149Where electric power is not econ
- Page 157 and 158: 151electricity), the amount of use
- Page 159 and 160: 153of building and installing the d
- Page 161 and 162: 155II 300‘0083ooLoo93oo‘ootr000
- Page 163 and 164: 157Example G .l (after Molenaar, 19
- Page 165 and 166: LOW LIFT VERTICAL PUA /lPI------PER
- Page 167: Chapter 7Improvements and Research
- Page 171 and 172: 165Reynolds (1970) writes, " . ..ma
- Page 173 and 174: 16?BIBLIOGKAPlIYAddison, Ii., Ccntr
- Page 175 and 176: 169Committee on Water Supply Engine
- Page 177 and 178: Gatz, C. A., Johnston Vertical Pump
- Page 179 and 180: 173Mother Earth News,1574.Ilandbook
- Page 181 and 182: 175Reynolds, I. II. , “High Duty
- Page 183 and 184: 177Svcndsen, M., "Irrigation Techno
- Page 185 and 186: 179APPENDIX
- Page 187 and 188: Tabic;: A.2 Area conversions and ab
- Page 189 and 190: Table A.4 Pressure conversions and
- Page 191 and 192: Table A.6 Discharge conversions and
- Page 193 and 194: Table'A.8 Specific speed (N,) conve
- Page 195: ABHPDD- area- brake horsepower- dia
163example for further projects (Fannon and Frink, 1970). The feasibilityof manufacturing these improved designs with local industry must be keptin mind during these studies. Not only does this minimize foreign dependence,but also increases local employment.A few specific improvements which might be considered are; (a) theuse of flexible tubing in the construction of tympanums and screws (seeFigure 3.47a), (b) use of multiple pulley systems to reduce load andtherefore animal size or number in mots, and (c) the increased use of flapvalves in devices which require submergence of a container (e.g., gutters,shadoof, etc.). An idea, similar to that of the Ag Bank's to build Persianwheels from truck differentials (Svendsen, 1975), is to use automotiverear axles, set vertically on one end, for a circular sweep which can beused with animal power to drive wheel-type water lifters. Specifically, ahorizontal arm can be welded (or otherwise attached) to the wheel at theupper end of the axle from which to harness the animal, while the driveshaftfrom the water lifter can be attached to the differential--where theautomitive drive-shaft was originally connected. Additionally, <strong>com</strong>binationsof prime movers should be studied, e.g., the use of bicycle and manualpower in rotary devices, using wind- or watermills with several rotarylifters, and making prime movers more economical by time-sharing amongother duties. The improvement of existing prime movers and transmissionsis equally as important toward increasing overall water lifting efficiencies.Prime mover studies should not be limited to mechanical methods. Programsto optimize wind- and watermill efficiencies could follow a format ofplanning, testing, and evaluation similar to that advocated above forwater lifters. Coordination of physiological information on manual andanimal power with the designing of water lifters is another area which
Change language