MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

156Such systematic selection is not usually possible when dealing withthe less sophisticated water lifters, such as shadoofs, mots, norias, etc.Although these devices are often built by trial and error (Schioler, 1975)to fit the given installation, a careful analysis of the head and dischargeneeds, as well as available power (e.g., animal, slow stream, fast wind,etc.) can allow selection of a good water lifter. Furthermore, as wasshown by Figure 2.3, H-Q curves can be developed for any water lifter--even one as simple as the bucket. Such performance curves can be a greatasset in improving the application of many of the less sophisticated waterliftingdevices.6.4 CostAfter the above factors have been considered in the selection process,those water lifters which appear applicable should then be evaluated foreconomic feasibility. The initial cost alone of some water lifters andpumps may be too great to be economically <strong>com</strong>petitive with others. However,in some instances, a slightly higher initial cost for higher quality maybe offset by lower operating and maintenance costs. Likewise, an economicanalysis of the pumping system, i.e., pipe, valves, etc. (if one exists)should be considered in relation to the required pump.In addition to first costs of the water lifter and system (which mayinclude sinking a well) which should be evaluated as depreciation andinterest over the projected life of the equipment, other fixed costs(i.e., taxes and insurance) and operating costs (i.e., power, maintenance,and labor) must be evaluated. The following example illustrates how suchan economic analysis may be considered for a mote.
157Example G .l (after Molenaar, 1956) :*Two pair of bullocks and three men are employed to operatea mote which requires 6 hours of operation toof water with a 30 ft lift.1. Initial investment:a) Well digging and liningb) Mote and installationc) 4 bullocks (50% of valuecharged to water lifting)provide1 acre-inch$300 .:po50.00300.00Totalinvestment$650.002. Overhead charges:a) Interest on investment** (@ 10%)$ 65.00b) Depreciation of equipment**well (40-year life equals 2%)mote (5-year life equals 20%)7.5010.00bullocks (lo-year life equals 10%) 30.00Total annual overhead $112.503. Operating costs per acre-in.(i.e., 6 hours)a} Bullock feed (@ $O.l2/hr per pair) $ 1.44b) Labor wages (@ $0. lO/hr per man) 1.80c) Repairs .05Total operating costs per acre-in. $ 3.29* Costs adjusted to U.S. dollars (1975).** Interest and depreciation calculated on by the straight-line method.
Page 1:
MICROFICHEREFERENCELIBFUUWA project
Page 4 and 5:
TABLE OF CONTENTS:.LIST OF FIGURES
Page 6 and 7:
LIST OF FIGURES (CONT)Figure3.163.1
Page 8 and 9:
LIST OF TABLESTable2.12.2a2.2b3.13.
Page 10 and 11:
2find both new water lifting device
Page 12 and 13:
4During the 3rd centuryB.C., Archim
Page 14 and 15:
GIn 1698, Thomas Savery obtained a
Page 16 and 17:
9the United States was starting set
Page 18 and 19:
11engines, motors, transmissions, e
Page 20 and 21:
Chapter 2Water LiftingPrinciples2.1
Page 22 and 23:
15Table 2.2a Classification of wate
Page 24 and 25:
2.2.1 Discharge or Capacity (Q)Disc
Page 26 and 27:
(h) Drawdown (D) is the vertical di
Page 28 and 29:
21Tota I DynamicHeadI Total Static
Page 30 and 31:
23Vapor Pressure (P,)Suction Fricti
Page 32 and 33:
Multiplying all these efficiencies
Page 34 and 35:
27NPSHR-Q, is also usually included
Page 36 and 37:
3.2.1.1 Bucket/BagUtilizing nothing
Page 38 and 39:
handmade construction can be easily
Page 40:
animal is returning to the top, the
Page 43 and 44:
363.2.1-S Counterpoise LiftThe coun
Page 45 and 46:
38to return the lever. Combinations
Page 47 and 48:
40Table 3.1Shadouf performanceLift
Page 49 and 50:
(b)Figure 3.5 Scoop (a) used as sho
Page 51 and 52:
‘PIVOT-r- ----hFigure 3.6 Wzcer b
Page 53 and 54:
46water. The capacity of this devic
Page 55 and 56:
- =7?=PIVOTCOUNTER WEIGHT\FLAP- VAL
Page 57 and 58:
50(a)ROLLER 7- HAND RAIL/SIDE - BY-
Page 59 and 60:
52flow in through a check-valve (e.
Page 61 and 62:
54exhaust valves for the steam (or
Page 63 and 64:
56Another significant difference be
Page 65 and 66:
58shaft), two other forms of these
Page 67 and 68:
60Among the simplest designs for a
Page 69 and 70:
62/HANDLEBARDISCHARGEHOSEfFOOTRE$TD
Page 71 and 72:
HANDLE/CONNECTINGARMDISCHARGEFLAP V
Page 73 and 74:
663.3.1 WheelAfter many of the earl
Page 75 and 76:
68Table 3.2 Manually-operated paddl
Page 77 and 78:
70engine (2-3 hp) as the prime move
Page 79 and 80:
72Table 3.3 records some of the per
Page 81 and 82:
74Several names which are also appl
Page 83 and 84:
76Table 3.5Zawafa performanceLiftDi
Page 85 and 86:
78noria and the discharge and head
Page 87 and 88:
80enclosed circumference can also b
Page 89 and 90:
82Most early tympanums were of the
Page 91 and 92:
84Table 3.6Tympanum performanceDiam
Page 93 and 94:
86sufficiently compact and lightwei
Page 95 and 96:
88of 3000 gpm or 5000 psig. Dependi
Page 97 and 98:
SE;vlI - ROTARYBUCKET VANEU’C)Fig
Page 99 and 100:
92(a)AIRCHAMBERAIR FEEDERVALVEWASTE
Page 101 and 102:
94Table 3.8Ram performanceA. Typica
Page 103 and 104:
COMPRESSEDAIRDEAofpctI5LT1EDUCTC II
Page 105 and 106:
98FLASHTANK .iJI 10 -NON-RETURNVALV
Page 107 and 108:
Because the components are not yet
Page 109 and 110:
102air-lift pumps. The oscillation
Page 111 and 112: 104and from the impeller and confin
Page 113 and 114: 106making this type pump useful for
Page 115 and 116: 90s; 80iTi!g 700E 60W50SPECIFIC SPE
Page 117 and 118: 110to lubricate all or some of thei
Page 119 and 120: 112such variables as impeller size,
Page 121 and 122: 114GEAR HEADOR IVE SHAFTTO PRIME MO
Page 123 and 124: 116W(clFigure 4.6 (a) Thai-style ou
Page 125 and 126: 118DRIVINGSUCTIONDIFFUSERa- - =tQ,E
Page 127 and 128: DISCHARGELINE OISCHARGE RETURNLINEL
Page 129 and 130: -122which at $.20/kg, cost $6.00. H
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.1Manual power appl icat i a
Page 133 and 134: 126water lifting device. Animals ar
Page 135 and 136: 1285.4.1 WindWindmills are currentl
Page 137 and 138: 130even saw use on the windy plains
Page 139 and 140: 172HAL F CYLINDERSt------TO WATER L
Page 141 and 142: 135a vertical shaft, the wind will
Page 143 and 144: --Table 5.3 Typical winchnil 1 clpp
Page 145 and 146: Table 5.4 Typical watermill applica
Page 147 and 148: 141MEDIUM BREASTFigure 5.6 (a) Medi
Page 149 and 150: SLUICEGATEc, ~/I#/,.----- ------I L
Page 151 and 152: 145-H-f -- WH---@II
Page 153 and 154: 147with a 330,250 gpd capacity. Bat
Page 155 and 156: 149Where electric power is not econ
Page 157 and 158: 151electricity), the amount of use
Page 159 and 160: 153of building and installing the d
Page 161: 155II 300‘0083ooLoo93oo‘ootr000
Page 165 and 166: LOW LIFT VERTICAL PUA /lPI------PER
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 7Improvements and Research
Page 169 and 170: 163example for further projects (Fa
Page 171 and 172: 165Reynolds (1970) writes, " . ..ma
Page 173 and 174: 16?BIBLIOGKAPlIYAddison, Ii., Ccntr
Page 175 and 176: 169Committee on Water Supply Engine
Page 177 and 178: Gatz, C. A., Johnston Vertical Pump
Page 179 and 180: 173Mother Earth News,1574.Ilandbook
Page 181 and 182: 175Reynolds, I. II. , “High Duty
Page 183 and 184: 177Svcndsen, M., "Irrigation Techno
Page 185 and 186: 179APPENDIX
Page 187 and 188: Tabic;: A.2 Area conversions and ab
Page 189 and 190: Table A.4 Pressure conversions and
Page 191 and 192: Table A.6 Discharge conversions and
Page 193 and 194: Table'A.8 Specific speed (N,) conve
Page 195: ABHPDD- area- brake horsepower- dia
show all

MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?