MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com
MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com
1465.4.3 GeothermalLike tidal energy, geothermal (or terrestrial heat) energy is a “free’natural source of power which is being developed for .several uses, butas of yet- not directly for water lifting. In some areas it exists at theground surface naturally as geysers (e.g., Wairakei, New Zealand; Geysers,California), while in other places it can be reached by borehole. Currently ,geothermal heat is used to drive steam turbines for electric generationor for industrial processes (e.g., paper pulp). Its conversion directly tomechanical energy which could be used to drive water pumps is currentlyunfeasible (i .e., low torque) .5.4.4 SolarSolar energy is another source of “free” power which has just recentlyreached a level.lof technology development which provides for its conversionto mechanical energy. Unlike other natural resources, it exists in allareas of the world, although its degree of intensity varies with latitude,season, weather, and time of day. Although solar energy has long beenused for such purposes as heating and drying, the current world energysituations has spurred interest in making its use for these purposes moreefficient (i.e., for building heating, cooking, etc.) and in developingnew uses. Section 3.4.2.2 included a discussion of the use of solarheating to expand a working fluid which directly pumped water by the displacementmethod. Many other projects are underway by various researchorganizations to convert solar energy to mechanical energy which can thenbe used to do work such as pumping water.Near Mexico City, four prototype pumping plants are being used whichwill eventually (according to plans) be developed into a pumping system
147with a 330,250 gpd capacity. Batelle Memorial Institute is also workingto develop a 50 hp pumping plant. Beale, et at. (1971) report on workdone at Ohio University to develop a free piston Stirling engine, which(as they suggest) would be of a size capable of such jobs as liftingwater.Beason (1975) reports on a project by Farber, Ingley, and Prescott at theUniversity of Florida to develop another piston-type engine. This engineutilizes a series of pistons, driven by a solar expanded refrigerant, toturn a crankshaft which provides rotary motion.Many such projects are underway to harness solar energy, but forirrigation and drainage water lifting applications, there is still muchto be done.5.5 Mechanical.Mechanical prime movers are devices which convert electric currentor the combustion of a fuel, e.g., wood, oil, gas, into mechanical energywhich can then be used to drive a water lifter. A common terminology,which wili also be used here, is to call fuel consuming devices engines,and electric prime movers motors. Although the number of engine andmotor types constitutes a subject equally or more complex and lengthythan the one of water lifters themselves, this section briefly describesthe basic operation and water lifting applications of mechanical primemovers.Where sufficient electric energy is available, the electric motorcan be the ideal prime mover for water lifters, particularly modern pumps.Either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) motors can beapplied to water lifting requirements, however, due to performance charac- ),teristics (e.g., speed-load curve--see Pumping Manual, 1964, pp. 221-228)
- Page 101 and 102: 94Table 3.8Ram performanceA. Typica
- Page 103 and 104: COMPRESSEDAIRDEAofpctI5LT1EDUCTC II
- Page 105 and 106: 98FLASHTANK .iJI 10 -NON-RETURNVALV
- Page 107 and 108: Because the components are not yet
- Page 109 and 110: 102air-lift pumps. The oscillation
- Page 111 and 112: 104and from the impeller and confin
- Page 113 and 114: 106making this type pump useful for
- Page 115 and 116: 90s; 80iTi!g 700E 60W50SPECIFIC SPE
- Page 117 and 118: 110to lubricate all or some of thei
- Page 119 and 120: 112such variables as impeller size,
- Page 121 and 122: 114GEAR HEADOR IVE SHAFTTO PRIME MO
- Page 123 and 124: 116W(clFigure 4.6 (a) Thai-style ou
- Page 125 and 126: 118DRIVINGSUCTIONDIFFUSERa- - =tQ,E
- Page 127 and 128: DISCHARGELINE OISCHARGE RETURNLINEL
- Page 129 and 130: -122which at $.20/kg, cost $6.00. H
- Page 131 and 132: Table 5.1Manual power appl icat i a
- Page 133 and 134: 126water lifting device. Animals ar
- Page 135 and 136: 1285.4.1 WindWindmills are currentl
- Page 137 and 138: 130even saw use on the windy plains
- Page 139 and 140: 172HAL F CYLINDERSt------TO WATER L
- Page 141 and 142: 135a vertical shaft, the wind will
- Page 143 and 144: --Table 5.3 Typical winchnil 1 clpp
- Page 145 and 146: Table 5.4 Typical watermill applica
- Page 147 and 148: 141MEDIUM BREASTFigure 5.6 (a) Medi
- Page 149 and 150: SLUICEGATEc, ~/I#/,.----- ------I L
- Page 151: 145-H-f -- WH---@II
- Page 155 and 156: 149Where electric power is not econ
- Page 157 and 158: 151electricity), the amount of use
- Page 159 and 160: 153of building and installing the d
- Page 161 and 162: 155II 300‘0083ooLoo93oo‘ootr000
- Page 163 and 164: 157Example G .l (after Molenaar, 19
- Page 165 and 166: LOW LIFT VERTICAL PUA /lPI------PER
- Page 167 and 168: Chapter 7Improvements and Research
- Page 169 and 170: 163example for further projects (Fa
- Page 171 and 172: 165Reynolds (1970) writes, " . ..ma
- Page 173 and 174: 16?BIBLIOGKAPlIYAddison, Ii., Ccntr
- Page 175 and 176: 169Committee on Water Supply Engine
- Page 177 and 178: Gatz, C. A., Johnston Vertical Pump
- Page 179 and 180: 173Mother Earth News,1574.Ilandbook
- Page 181 and 182: 175Reynolds, I. II. , “High Duty
- Page 183 and 184: 177Svcndsen, M., "Irrigation Techno
- Page 185 and 186: 179APPENDIX
- Page 187 and 188: Tabic;: A.2 Area conversions and ab
- Page 189 and 190: Table A.4 Pressure conversions and
- Page 191 and 192: Table A.6 Discharge conversions and
- Page 193 and 194: Table'A.8 Specific speed (N,) conve
- Page 195: ABHPDD- area- brake horsepower- dia
147with a 330,250 gpd capacity. Batelle Memorial Institute is also workingto develop a 50 hp pumping plant. Beale, et at. (1971) report on workdone at Ohio University to develop a free piston Stirling engine, which(as they suggest) would be of a size capable of such jobs as liftingwater.Beason (1975) reports on a project by Farber, Ingley, and Prescott at theUniversity of Florida to develop another piston-type engine. This engineutilizes a series of pistons, driven by a solar expanded refrigerant, toturn a crankshaft which provides rotary motion.Many such projects are underway to harness solar energy, but forirrigation and drainage water lifting applications, there is still muchto be done.5.5 Mechanical.Mechanical prime movers are devices which convert electric currentor the <strong>com</strong>bustion of a fuel, e.g., wood, oil, gas, into mechanical energywhich can then be used to drive a water lifter. A <strong>com</strong>mon terminology,which wili also be used here, is to call fuel consuming devices engines,and electric prime movers motors. Although the number of engine andmotor types constitutes a subject equally or more <strong>com</strong>plex and lengthythan the one of water lifters themselves, this section briefly describesthe basic operation and water lifting applications of mechanical primemovers.Where sufficient electric energy is available, the electric motorcan be the ideal prime mover for water lifters, particularly modern pumps.Either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) motors can beapplied to water lifting requirements, however, due to performance charac- ),teristics (e.g., speed-load curve--see Pumping Manual, 1964, pp. 221-228)
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