MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com

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138(more than one water lifter is often driven off of the same watermill shaft).Table 5.4 summarizes some typical watermill specifications and applicationsdiscussed below.When essentially no head is available, except for that which producesa flow (e.g. stream, river, canal), it is practical only to use an undershotwheel. The simplest to construct is the floating mill version (Bradley,1912, p. 78), shown schematically in Figure 5.5a. It is installed sothat its peripheral paddles (at least two at all times) are immersed inthe driving flow. Figures 3.21a and b show such mills combined into asingle unit with norias.Because the efficiency of floating mills is rather low, anotherversion of the undershot wheel, the Poncelet wheel, was developed (about1800) which, when a suitable site is available, yields better efficiencies.As shown in Figure S.Sb, this mill requires the flow (or at least a portionof it) to be restricted to a channel, the width of the Poncelet wheel,and that a sluice gate be provided just upstream. In this way, a portionof the available flow depth is converted to a velocity head which canincrease the power applied to the mill. Poncelet wheels can be expectedto have efficiencies between 60 percent to rotate the mill. Figure 5.6aand b illustrate medium and high breast wheels, respectively. A low breastwheel is essentiallythe same as a Poncelet wheel.A major loss in efficiency of a breast wheel design is that, unlikeunder and overshot wheels, the wheel is moving toward the incoming waterrather than in the same direction, thus creating energy losses (e.g.,for any breast higher than the wheel axle, a moment, counter to the falling-water moment, is produced).This counter moment can be reduced to somedegree by the use of a sluice gate, as in Figure 5.6b. Breast wheels
Table 5.4 Typical watermill applicationsA. Horizontal-shaft water-millsfloatmillCfiwe 5.53)Poncelet(fiwe 5 .5b )BreastCfiwre 5 -6 )IYE Eff (%) H (ft) D-Diameter (ft)* *timurn* rpm30-45 (current flow)60-80 3-10IO-SO40-70 6-15 Ii-3HZH-4H42.lfi(’ 14) DdependsbreastheightOvershot 41.8(fiwre 5.7) 60-85 IO-50 0.75H27Peltonuheel75-90 > 50 l-20Niche11 turbine 72fi60-85 > 15 l-3 D72.84ii-176.6r”iiDoITransmissionPcombinedsingleintounitdirect shaft,belts, or gearsabove plusincreasingtraingearWater lifter Remarks --paddle wheelnoriatympanumabove plus.Persian wheelwater ladderchain pumpscrewrotodynamic orrotary pumpsfigures 3.2!a & bsee table 5.3eccentric mechanism bucket-piston pump figures 3.14Iincreasing or equal rotodyhamic orgear train rotary pumpsabove plus high-speed piston,eccentric mechanism plunger, or. diaphragm pumpsdiaphragm pump see VITA (1975p. 117B. Vertical-shaft watermills\tangent wheel -- + 15 -- --turbine*after Merrill. R., 197080-90 ca 1s l-30 50-220Same as Pelton and Michell; angle gears can allow use withhorizontal-shaft rotodynamic or rotary pumps.
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MICROFICHEREFERENCELIBFUUWA project
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:.LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF FIGURES (CONT)Figure3.163.1
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LIST OF TABLESTable2.12.2a2.2b3.13.
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2find both new water lifting device
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4During the 3rd centuryB.C., Archim
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GIn 1698, Thomas Savery obtained a
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9the United States was starting set
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11engines, motors, transmissions, e
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Chapter 2Water LiftingPrinciples2.1
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15Table 2.2a Classification of wate
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2.2.1 Discharge or Capacity (Q)Disc
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(h) Drawdown (D) is the vertical di
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21Tota I DynamicHeadI Total Static
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23Vapor Pressure (P,)Suction Fricti
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Multiplying all these efficiencies
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27NPSHR-Q, is also usually included
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3.2.1.1 Bucket/BagUtilizing nothing
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handmade construction can be easily
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animal is returning to the top, the
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363.2.1-S Counterpoise LiftThe coun
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38to return the lever. Combinations
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40Table 3.1Shadouf performanceLift
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(b)Figure 3.5 Scoop (a) used as sho
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‘PIVOT-r- ----hFigure 3.6 Wzcer b
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46water. The capacity of this devic
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- =7?=PIVOTCOUNTER WEIGHT\FLAP- VAL
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50(a)ROLLER 7- HAND RAIL/SIDE - BY-
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52flow in through a check-valve (e.
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54exhaust valves for the steam (or
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56Another significant difference be
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58shaft), two other forms of these
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60Among the simplest designs for a
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62/HANDLEBARDISCHARGEHOSEfFOOTRE$TD
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HANDLE/CONNECTINGARMDISCHARGEFLAP V
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663.3.1 WheelAfter many of the earl
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68Table 3.2 Manually-operated paddl
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70engine (2-3 hp) as the prime move
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72Table 3.3 records some of the per
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74Several names which are also appl
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76Table 3.5Zawafa performanceLiftDi
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78noria and the discharge and head
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80enclosed circumference can also b
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82Most early tympanums were of the
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84Table 3.6Tympanum performanceDiam
Page 93 and 94: 86sufficiently compact and lightwei
Page 95 and 96: 88of 3000 gpm or 5000 psig. Dependi
Page 97 and 98: SE;vlI - ROTARYBUCKET VANEU’C)Fig
Page 99 and 100: 92(a)AIRCHAMBERAIR FEEDERVALVEWASTE
Page 101 and 102: 94Table 3.8Ram performanceA. Typica
Page 103 and 104: COMPRESSEDAIRDEAofpctI5LT1EDUCTC II
Page 105 and 106: 98FLASHTANK .iJI 10 -NON-RETURNVALV
Page 107 and 108: Because the components are not yet
Page 109 and 110: 102air-lift pumps. The oscillation
Page 111 and 112: 104and from the impeller and confin
Page 113 and 114: 106making this type pump useful for
Page 115 and 116: 90s; 80iTi!g 700E 60W50SPECIFIC SPE
Page 117 and 118: 110to lubricate all or some of thei
Page 119 and 120: 112such variables as impeller size,
Page 121 and 122: 114GEAR HEADOR IVE SHAFTTO PRIME MO
Page 123 and 124: 116W(clFigure 4.6 (a) Thai-style ou
Page 125 and 126: 118DRIVINGSUCTIONDIFFUSERa- - =tQ,E
Page 127 and 128: DISCHARGELINE OISCHARGE RETURNLINEL
Page 129 and 130: -122which at $.20/kg, cost $6.00. H
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.1Manual power appl icat i a
Page 133 and 134: 126water lifting device. Animals ar
Page 135 and 136: 1285.4.1 WindWindmills are currentl
Page 137 and 138: 130even saw use on the windy plains
Page 139 and 140: 172HAL F CYLINDERSt------TO WATER L
Page 141 and 142: 135a vertical shaft, the wind will
Page 143: --Table 5.3 Typical winchnil 1 clpp
Page 147 and 148: 141MEDIUM BREASTFigure 5.6 (a) Medi
Page 149 and 150: SLUICEGATEc, ~/I#/,.----- ------I L
Page 151 and 152: 145-H-f -- WH---@II
Page 153 and 154: 147with a 330,250 gpd capacity. Bat
Page 155 and 156: 149Where electric power is not econ
Page 157 and 158: 151electricity), the amount of use
Page 159 and 160: 153of building and installing the d
Page 161 and 162: 155II 300‘0083ooLoo93oo‘ootr000
Page 163 and 164: 157Example G .l (after Molenaar, 19
Page 165 and 166: LOW LIFT VERTICAL PUA /lPI------PER
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 7Improvements and Research
Page 169 and 170: 163example for further projects (Fa
Page 171 and 172: 165Reynolds (1970) writes, " . ..ma
Page 173 and 174: 16?BIBLIOGKAPlIYAddison, Ii., Ccntr
Page 175 and 176: 169Committee on Water Supply Engine
Page 177 and 178: Gatz, C. A., Johnston Vertical Pump
Page 179 and 180: 173Mother Earth News,1574.Ilandbook
Page 181 and 182: 175Reynolds, I. II. , “High Duty
Page 183 and 184: 177Svcndsen, M., "Irrigation Techno
Page 185 and 186: 179APPENDIX
Page 187 and 188: Tabic;: A.2 Area conversions and ab
Page 189 and 190: Table A.4 Pressure conversions and
Page 191 and 192: Table A.6 Discharge conversions and
Page 193 and 194: Table'A.8 Specific speed (N,) conve
Page 195:
ABHPDD- area- brake horsepower- dia
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