MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBFUUW - Cd3wd.com

2find both new water lifting devices and adaptions of existing deviceswhich can be used with natural prime movers, in light of recent energyshortages.This report is condensed from the Master Thesis of the senior author.His Master of Science studies and the preparation of this report weresponsored by the U. S. Agency for International Development under contractAID/csd-2460, Institutional Development Grant on Optimum Utilization ofWater Resources with Emphasis on Water Driving and Removal Systems.1.2 Historical Review of Water LiftingArchaeology gives us some clues as to the early forms of waterlifting. Ewbank, 1876, provides interesting accounts of man’s earliestvessels, e.g., hallow gourds which were surely the beginning of the bucket.By attaching a vine or rope, the bucket could be lowered to deeper watersupplies, or the simple basket could be used to scoop and throw water.This swing basket or mental used in Egypt was probably the first effortmade to lift water at a rate sufficient for irrigation. The date of thisdevice’s earliest use cannot be ascertained, however, carvings onEgyptian tombs date the counterpoise lift (Figure 3.3) back to about 2000B.C. (Ewbank, 18763, and it would appear as the next logical step inwater lifting methods, i.e., adding a lever to the basket and rope.Several sources (Flettner, 1926 and Golding, 1962) mention that theBabylonian Emperor Hammurabi reports the use of windmills for an extensiveirrigation system in 1700 B.C. This report is frequently questioned andso credit for the first “working” windmill is often given to the Persians,who used a vertical shaft with radially mounted sails. Although thesePersian mills were used primarily for grinding, they also introduce theuse of crude gears. (For a history of windmills, see Vadot, September1957 and Reynolds, J., 1970).