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2004 “Remittances, savings, and development in migrant-sendingareas,” In D. Massey and J. Edward Taylor (eds.), <strong>International</strong>migration: Prospects and policies in a global market, OxfordUniversity Press, New York, pp. 157-173.Wang, K.2004 “Remittances stimulated hometown economy, vice mayorsaid,” World Journal, 2 April, E3.Wong, E.2005 “Militants release Chinese hostages,” The New York Times, 22January.2005 “Eight Chinese were safely released in Iraq,” 23 January, A1.Zhuang, G.2000 The relationship between overseas Chinese and China(huaqiao huaren yu zhongguo de guanxi), Higher EducationPublishing House, Guangzhou, Guangdong.294
AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remittance Amount (Previous and Cumulative Years)VillageMafuProp.SendersPreviousYearEmigrantsProp.SendersCumulativeAverageTotalPrevious Year Cumulative Previous Year Cumulative1 55 0.945 0.982 $4,986.60 $42,687.44 $259,302.96 $2,347,809.152 60 0.983 0.983 $7,407.86 $53,116.40 $437,063.69 $3,186,984.133 54 0.981 0.981 $6,617.21 $39,476.98 $350,712.09 $2,131,757.134 58 0.897 0.914 $8,992.36 $41,856.41 $467,602.56 $2,427,671.615 35 0.971 0.971 $10,346.64 $42,301.15 $351,785.71 $1,480,540.276 37 0.919 0.946 $11,227.85 $43,781.14 $381,746.74 $1,619,902.087 10 1.000 1.000 $10,339.77 $43,833.12 $103,397.69 $438,331.218 45 0.844 0.933 $10,003.87 $33,885.83 $380,147.06 $1,524,862.189 9 0.889 0.889 $16,150.21 $61,886.84 $129,201.68 $556,981.5210 11 1.000 1.000 $7,438.88 $51,504.16 $81,827.73 $566,545.7411 21 0.905 0.952 $21,093.23 $52,839.01 $400,771.32 $1,109,619.3012 8 1.000 1.000 $7,155.99 $28,619.10 $57,247.90 $228,952.7713 7 0.857 0.857 $3,302.33 $9,753.59 $19,813.95 $68,275.1514 11 1.000 1.000 $13,404.45 $56,347.15 $147,448.99 $619,818.6915 3 1.000 1.000 $15,056.02 $39,356.61 $45,168.07 $118,069.8216 9 1.000 1.000 $7,837.28 $35,986.07 $70,535.54 $323,874.6317 4 0.750 1.000 $12,955.18 $98,562.63 $38,865.55 $394,250.5118 8 1.000 1.000 $17,331.93 $66,735.11 $138,655.46 $533,880.90Changxiao1 21 1.000 1.000 $5,633.70 $51,978.36 $118,307.61 $1,091,545.612 42 0.857 0.952 $5,001.16 $34,140.80 $180,041.66 $1,433,913.593 82 0.902 0.951 $4,996.68 $59,623.30 $369,754.32 $4,889,110.434 44 0.909 0.955 $5,042.02 $42,786.85 $201,680.67 $1,882,621.485 51 0.902 0.980 $6,281.29 $43,762.90 $288,939.40 $2,231,908.146 42 0.905 0.976 $7,318.04 $72,567.34 $278,085.46 $3,047,828.147 40 0.875 0.975 $15,750.84 $98,883.61 $551,279.50 $3,955,344.468 26 0.731 0.769 $8,157.77 $47,832.55 $154,997.70 $1,243,646.419 42 0.857 0.929 $10,220.59 $49,468.66 $367,941.33 $2,077,683.5910 17 0.706 0.765 $10,150.70 $68,110.98 $121,808.44 $1,157,886.6511 66 0.985 1.000 $9,102.31 $58,121.89 $591,649.85 $3,836,044.9312 61 0.918 0.951 $10,771.84 $46,874.80 $603,223.16 $2,859,363.0713 64 0.875 0.938 $9,770.87 $51,475.55 $547,168.61 $3,294,435.0114 65 0.923 0.969 $6,320.18 $48,044.97 $379,210.99 $3,122,923.3315 55 0.891 0.927 $9,274.48 $51,944.66 $454,449.34 $2,856,956.0616 57 0.807 0.930 $16,802.69 $72,771.89 $772,923.75 $4,147,997.67Tujiang1 36 1.000 1.000 $4,386.29 $27,965.44 $157,906.49 $1,006,756.002 32 0.969 1.000 $8,328.82 $44,484.35 $258,193.28 $1,423,499.163 68 0.985 1.000 $5,101.66 $49,173.57 $341,811.14 $3,343,802.594 62 0.935 0.984 $5,694.00 $51,048.41 $330,252.10 $3,165,001.385 48 0.958 1.000 $7,089.19 $50,571.35 $326,102.94 $2,427,425.036 31 0.935 0.968 $11,056.58 $46,390.70 $320,640.76 $1,438,111.71295Total 1497 0.918 0.960 $8,426.25 $50,492.02 $11,577,663.19 $75,611,931.23
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
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well as discussing some of the cons
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carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
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Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
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home countries, for example, throug
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These insurance events can constitu
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Having people collect similar data
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people they knew. In fact, some of
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For migration research, this means
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ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
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Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
Page 98 and 99:
Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
Page 100 and 101:
Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
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initially entails high costs and ri
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To our knowledge, no study has esti
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2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
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with its neat correspondence to the
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let z > 0 denote the predetermined
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Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
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Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
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3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
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4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
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Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
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124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
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Central Region45Percentage of Villa
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128Figure 3. Relationship between P
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7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
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Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
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The net immigration rate can be tak
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is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
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consequence a highly elastic supply
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in the populous fourteen states of
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out were both at work in this case
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Figure 7 identifies what we call
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Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
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Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
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Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
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for agricultural labor were 15 and
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3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
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In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
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ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
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Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
Page 245: Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
Page 248 and 249: agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
Page 250 and 251: evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
Page 252 and 253: Before reform, the annual quota of
Page 254 and 255: Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
Page 256 and 257: Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
Page 258 and 259: migration are removed, all wage and
Page 260 and 261: urban-biased policies persisted, pr
Page 262 and 263: eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
Page 264 and 265: The institutional barriers faced by
Page 266 and 267: ecause of the rapid migration of th
Page 268 and 269: Migrant workers have hardly any opp
Page 270 and 271: ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
Page 272 and 273: Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
Page 275 and 276: 12International Migration and Devel
Page 277 and 278: 2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
Page 279 and 280: of remittances: self-employment, a
Page 281 and 282: Given the size of recent emigration
Page 283 and 284: 5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
Page 285 and 286: interpret. Some of it may be caused
Page 287 and 288: 8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
Page 289 and 290: emittances in the year prior to the
Page 291 and 292: fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
Page 293 and 294: ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
Page 295: Massey, D.1988 “International mig
Page 299 and 300: Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
Page 305 and 306: 13Remittances in the Latin American
Page 307 and 308: to anti-money laundering and suspic
Page 309 and 310: Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
Page 311 and 312: has left from countries in Western
Page 313 and 314: Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
Page 315 and 316: Source: National Money Transmitters
Page 317 and 318: One way this redistributive effect
Page 319 and 320: Managua reported having a relative
Page 321 and 322: America have a higher rate of havin
Page 323 and 324: Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
Page 325 and 326: Guyana offers an interesting exampl
Page 327 and 328: In addition to exports of these goo
Page 329 and 330: Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
Page 331 and 332: alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
Page 333 and 334: concentration is pronounced, innova
Page 335 and 336: emittance recipients have a higher
Page 337 and 338: AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
Page 339 and 340: Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
Page 341: 2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
Page 345 and 346: 14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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