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124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household Income and Remittances, 2002Center West-Center Northwest Northeast TOTALSouth-SoutheastTotal Net Income (average per household)Pesos 27,400 48,285 52,353 87,841 54,351 53,465U.S. Dollars 2,740 4,828 5,235 8,784 5,435 5,347Migrant Remittances as % of Total Income 10.37% 16.25% 14.79% 4.85% 20.69% 12.69%Internal 3.66% 3.26% 1.04% 1.20% 0.54% 1.68%International 6.71% 12.99% 13.75% 3.64% 20.15% 11.01%Sample size: 1,782Source: ENHRUM,2003Table 7. Rural Poverty Impacts of a 10% Increase in Migrant RemittancesInternational Migrants Internal Migrants% Change in Poverty Resulting from a 10%Increase in Remittances Using FGT Index% Change in Poverty Resulting from a 10%Increase in Remittances Using FGT Index % of Householdswith% of HouseholdswithMigrantsRegionα=2 (SquaredPoverty Gap)α=1 (PovertyGap)α=0(Headcount)Migrantsα=2 (SquaredPoverty Gap)α=1 (PovertyGap)α=0(Headcount)South-Southeast 7.53 0.00% -0.11% -0.11% 34.95 -0.33% -0.41% -0.45%Center 14.52 -1.30% -0.35% -0.33% 22.42 -0.87% -0.61% -0.67%West-Center 27.75 -1.68% -1.65% -1.64% 30.06 0.00% -0.05% -0.05%Northwest 12.09 -0.85% -0.30% -0.31% 11.67 0.00% -0.16% -0.13%Northeast 19.72 -0.48% -0.58% -0.51% 11.67 -0.48% -0.10% -0.08%Rural Mexico 16.22 -0.77% -0.53% -0.53% 25.76 -0.39% -0.30% -0.30%
Figure 1. Trends in International Migration, by Village and Region of Rural Mexico, 1980-200245South-Southeast RegionPercentage of Villagers Who WereInternational Migrants4035302520151050198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002YearWest-central Region45Percentage of Villagers Who WereInternational Migrants4035302520151050198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002YearNorthwest Region45Percentage of Villagers Who WereInternational Migrants4035302520151050125198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002Year
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
Page 76 and 77: well as discussing some of the cons
Page 78 and 79: carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
Page 80 and 81: Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
Page 82 and 83: home countries, for example, throug
Page 84 and 85: These insurance events can constitu
Page 86 and 87: Having people collect similar data
Page 88 and 89: people they knew. In fact, some of
Page 90 and 91: For migration research, this means
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
Page 94 and 95: Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
Page 96 and 97: Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
Page 98 and 99: Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
Page 100 and 101: Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
Page 102 and 103: AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
Page 104 and 105: initially entails high costs and ri
Page 106 and 107: To our knowledge, no study has esti
Page 108 and 109: 2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
Page 110 and 111: with its neat correspondence to the
Page 112 and 113: let z > 0 denote the predetermined
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
Page 116 and 117: Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
Page 120 and 121: 4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
Page 122 and 123: Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
Page 124 and 125: Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
Page 128 and 129: Central Region45Percentage of Villa
Page 130 and 131: 128Figure 3. Relationship between P
Page 133 and 134: 7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
Page 135 and 136: Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
Page 137 and 138: The net immigration rate can be tak
Page 139 and 140: is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
Page 141 and 142: consequence a highly elastic supply
Page 143 and 144: in the populous fourteen states of
Page 145 and 146: out were both at work in this case
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7 identifies what we call
Page 149 and 150: Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
Page 151 and 152: Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
Page 153 and 154: 6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
Page 155 and 156: ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
Page 157 and 158: 1999 “Historical perspectives on
Page 159 and 160: Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
Page 161: White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
Page 164 and 165: seasonal basis, to areas with more
Page 166 and 167: for agricultural labor were 15 and
Page 168 and 169: 3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
Page 170 and 171: producers are facing heavy losses a
Page 172 and 173: in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
Page 174 and 175: In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
Page 178 and 179:
ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
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Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
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Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
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ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
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Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
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ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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