nanotechnology and why for developing countries - National Centre ...

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND WHY FORDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDr. N.M. ButtSitara‐i‐ImtiazChairman,National Commission on Nano-Science and Technology(NCNST)&Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF)1, Constitution Avenue, Islamabad, Pakistan[email: nmbutt36@yahoo.com]‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Presentation at: Workshop on Nano Science and Catalysis (NSC 2008), Departmentof Physics, Quaid‐i‐Azam University, Islamabad, March 24‐25, 2008

Presentation Contents1. Importance of Materials2. Richard Feynman’s Lecture, 19593. Introduction to Nanotechnology4. International Importance of Nanotechnology5. Economic Importance6. Nanotechnology as a Multidisciplinary Subject7. Applications of Nanotechnology8. Nano Present and Future9. Nanotechnology for Developing Countries10. Nanotechnology Activities in Developing Countries11. Conclusion12. Video Clips

1. Importance of Materials3

Importance of Materials• The rise and fall of the different human groups and nations isstrongly connected with the type of materials under their use.• Another way to look at the importance of materials in human lifeis to see eye to eye with the historians who have divided theannals of human history into different phases, depending uponthe type of materials used, such as, Stone Age, Bronze Age, IronAge, Steel Age, Semiconductor Age, and the Advanced MaterialsAge (composites, ceramics, polymers, and nano‐crystalline).• Among these ages, the one of current importance and futuredominance is the age of Nanotechnology of materials.4

Source: http://www.directionsmag.com5

Evolution of Technologies6

2. Richard Feynman’s s Lecture,December 19597

“There’s s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”Richard P. Feynman December 1959The classic talk that Richard Feynman gave onDecember 29 th 1959 at the annual meeting of theAmerican Physical Society at the California Institute ofTechnology (Caltech)• The problem of manipulating and controlling things on asmall scale• Why can’t we write the entire 24 volumes of theEncyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?8

The founding speech of Nanotechnology –written at the nanoscale.Courtesy of the Mirkin Group Northwestern University9

3. Introduction to Nanotechnology

Milestones (Summarized)• 1959 Feynman’s lecture on “Plenty of room at the bottom”• 1974 First patent filed on Molecular Electronic Device• 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) invented• 1985 Bukyballs discovered• 1986 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) invented• 1987 First single‐electron transistor created• 1988 First ‘designer protein’ created• 1991 Carbon nanotubes discovered• 1993 First nanotechnology lab in the US• 1997 DNA‐based nanomechanical device created• 1999 Molecular‐scale computer switch created• 2000 US launches National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)• 2001 Logic gate made entirely from nanotubes• 2002 EU program focuses heavily on Nanotechnology in Health Care• 2003 US president Bush signs Nanotechnology Act11

NanotechnologyA nanometer (nm) is one billionth (10 ‐9 ) of a meterThickness of a human hair ∼ 80,000 nmNanometer:10 ‐9 m = 10 x 10 ‐10 m = 10 atoms in a line(one atom, 2 He 4 ∼ 10 ‐10 m ∼ 0.1 nm)ElectronSub‐Nanometer Sizes:Proton‣ Electron ∼1.986 x 10 ‐18 m∼ 2 x 10 ‐9 nm‣ Proton ∼10 ‐15 m ∼ 10 ‐6 nm‣ Neutron ∼ 10 ‐6 nm∼ 1/1,000,000 nm)NeutronHelium Atom, 2 He 4Size : 0.1 nm

0.1nm14

NanoscaleNo.ItemSize (Approx.),Scaling down µmto nmSize (Approx.),on nm Scale1. Human hair (diameter) 60 – 120 µm 60,000 – 120,000 nm2. Pollen 10 – 100 µm 10,000 – 100,000 nm3. Asbestos fibers (diameter) < 3 µm < 3,000 nm4. Diesel exhaust particles < 100 nm – 1 µm < 100 nm – 1000 nm5. Soot < 10 nm – 1 µm < 10 nm – 1000 nm6. Quantum dots 2 – 20 nm 2 – 20 nm7. Nanotubes (diameter) ~1 nm ~ 1 nm8. Fullerenes ~ 1 nm ~ 1 nm9. Atoms 1-3 Å ~ 0.1 nm 1-3 Å ~ 0.1 nm15

Why nano will change theproperties of materials?Example: Smaller size means larger surface area10 µm diameter 50 nm diameter0.22 m 2 /g 44 m 2 /g16

Why nano will change the properties of materials?Sphere• Volume, V = 4/3 π R 3• Surface Area, S = 4πR 2• Ratio (S/V) = (4/3)π R 3 /4πR 2 = 3/Rα 1/RRS/V3 12 1.51 30.5 60.25 120.125 24S / V12111098765432100.5 1 2 3 4RR517

4. International Importance of Nanotechnology:Statements by World Leaders18

President Clinton, 2000The National Nanotechnology InitiativeIn his speech proposing the NNI, PresidentClinton (2000) invoked this vision onFeynman’s home ground:My budget supports a major new NationalNanotechnology Initiative, worth $500million. Caltech is no stranger to the idea ofnanotechnology —the ability to manipulatematter at the atomic and molecular level.More than 40 years ago, Caltech’s ownRichard Feynman asked, “What would happenif we could arrange the atoms one by one theway we want them?19

NNI, USA Funding in the President's 2007 BudgetThe US President’s 2007 Budget provides over $1.2 billion forthe multi‐agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI),USA, bringing the total investment since the NNI wasestablished in 2001 to over $6.5 billion and nearly triplingthe annual investment of the first year of the Initiative. “Thissustained investment is advancing our understanding of theunique phenomena and processes that occur at thenanometer scale and expedite the responsible use of thisknowledge to achieve advances in medicine, manufacturing,high‐performance materials, information technology, andenergy and environmental technologies”.20

NNI Centers, Networks and User FacilitiesElectron Transport in MolecularNanostructures - ColumbiaNanoscale Systems in Info.Technologies – CornellNanoscience in Biological &Environmental Engineering –RiceIntegrated Nanopatterning &Detection – NorthwesternNanoscale Systems & TheirDevice Applications –HarvardDirected Assembly ofNanostructures – RensselaerPolytechnic InstNanobiotech (STC) - CornellMRSECs-3Extreme UltravioletScience and Technology –Colorado StateScalable & IntegratedNano Manufacturing -UCLANanoscale CEMManufacturing SystemsCenter - UIUCMRSECs-222 Centers*NSF –2 NetworksDOD – 3 CentersDOE – 5 NSRCsNASA – 4 CentersNCNNNINTemplated Synthesis & Assembly at theNanoscale – U Wisconsin-MadisonMolecular Function at NanoBioInterface – U PennHigh-Rate Nanomanufacturing –NortheasternAffordable Nanoeng. of PolymerBiomedical Devices – Ohio StateIntegrated Nanomechanical Systems– UC-BerkeleyProbing the Nanoscale – StanfordLearning & Teaching in Nano S&E –Northwestern2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Institute forNanoscience - NRLInstitute of SoldierNanotechnologies – MITNanoscience Innovation inDefense - UCSB(*) It includes 5 Materials Research Science andEngineering Centers (MRSECs)Cell Mimetic SpaceExploration - UCLAIntelligent Bio-Nanomtls &Structures for AerospaceVehicles – Texas A & MBio-Inspection, Design, & Proc.of MultifunctionalNanocomposites - PrincetonNanoelectronics &Computing - Purdue2005 2006 2007Nanophase MaterialsSciences - ORNLMolecular Foundry-LBNLIntegrated Nanotechnologies- SNL & LANLNanoscale Materials- ANLFunctionalNanomaterials - BNLCT/NSET, 12/17/045/08

Russian Budget for NanotechnologyThe Russian Government would allocate 200 billionrubles ($7.7 billion) to develop nanotechnology until2015 and transfer to the state corporation 130 billionrubles ($5 billion) by the end of this year. As of now, thegovernment has invested about 150 billion rubles ($5.76billion) in different nanotechnology studies includingweapons projects.In 2007, 12 billion rubles ($461 million) has beenappropriated for the development of nanotechnologies,an incredible sum by Russian standards i.e. more than 5times allocated for this purpose in 2006. This year'snanotechnologies budget of Russia is comparable toUSA, European Union and Japan.Source: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070723/69482473.html 23 rd July, 200722

India Sees Growth Opportunity through NanotechIndia’s s Former President A.P.J. Abdul KalamWithin India, nanotechnology is frequentlytaking a prominent role in presidential speeches.“One of the two technologies which will takeIndia to the level of advanced countries by 2015is nanotechnology and the other is fueltechnology”.“Nano‐technology is knocking at our doors,” hesaid. “It is the field of the future that will replacemicroelectronics and many fields withtremendous application potential in the areas ofmedicine, electronics and material sciences”.23

5. Economic Importance24

Funding for Nanotechnology Research inEuropean Union• The 7 th Framework Programme (FP7: 2007-2013)– The main EU mechanism to support research• Inside the European Union• Collaboration with outside countries (including internationalco-operation with China and Pakistan)• Budget: ca. € 50 billion• Official launch of FP7: 7 March 200725

http://www.nanotechnology.com2626

NanotechnologyA Realistic Market Assessment•BCC(Business Communications Company, Inc.)estimates,Global market for nanotechnology products ~$9.4 bn in 2005, over $10.5 bn in 2006,growing to ~ $25.2 bn by 2011 (an AAGR of19.1% from 2006 – 11)•The bargraph shows established commercialnanomaterial applications, i.e. carbon blackfiller for inkjet inks, nanocatalyst thin films forcatalytic converters, and new technologies:nanoparticulate fabric treatments, rocket fueladditives, nanolithographic tools, andnanoscale electronic memory.2727

Projected Nanotechnology Growth2828

Market Volume (€ billion)Exponential Market Growth for Nanotech Products2929

Market Size Predictions – 2015S.No. Item Amount $ billion1. Nano‐Materials 3402. Nano‐Electronics 3003. Pharmaceuticals 1804. Chemical & Refining 1005. Aerospace 706. Health Care 307. Tools 208. Sustainable Processes 45Total:$ 1.1 trillionSource: James Murday & Mike Roco,U.S National Nanotech Institute, November 200330

Investment in NanotechnologyCountryNanotechnologyAmount, € millionEurope Nanoelectronics, medicine,1250materialsUSA All aspects of nanotechnology 1200Japan Nanoelectronics,750nanomaterials, nanotubesSouth Korea High density memory, displays 250China Mass production400nanomaterialsTaiwan Display, optoelectronics 150Others Various 1503131

Investment Impact in NanotechnologyType of InvestmentCountryAmount $Economic ImpactCollege of NanoscaleScience and Engineering(CNSE), 2006USA 7 million $1.1 billionFederal nano investments USA 700 millionin 20031997-2004 USA 4.0 billionProjected public and privatesector spending onnanotechnology 2006Spending on nanotechnology,2006-2010SouthKorea150 millionTaiwan 630 million Production value US$9.07 billion by 2008Global R&D, 2006 9.5 billion Exceeds US $1 trillion7 million jobs by 20153232

World Wide Nanotechnology:Universities and CompaniesNanotechnology Global UniversitiesNanotechnology Global CompaniesThe number of global universities and company investing in nanotechnologyis increasing exponentially these days3333

6. Nanotechnology as aMultidisciplinary Subject

Nanotechnology is MultidisciplinaryElectricalEngineeringPhysicsMechanicalEngineeringNanotechnologyChemistryInformationTechnologyMaterialScienceBiology35

7. Applications of Nanotechnology36

Applications of Nanotechnologyi. Medical / Nanomedicine:ii.iii.iv.Anti-cancer drugs, Bio-sensors, Implants, Dental PastesEnergy:Solar, Fuel cells, Bio-fuels, BatteriesAutomobiles:Lubricants, Glass Coatings, Resins, PhosphorsIndustry:Ceramics, Insulation Materials, Phosphors, HardMaterials, Mechanical Systems, Spray, Sensorsv. Computer/Information Technology:vi.Bio-molecules, Large MemoriesDefence:Special Materials, Censors, Clothing37

Vii.viii.ix.Applications of Nanotechnology ContinuedCosmetics:Skin CreamsAgriculture:Food Safety, Quality Assurance, water purificationEnvironment:Filters, anti‐toxicantsTextiles:Special clothesSports:Sunglasses, Rackets, Tennis and Golf ballsAerospace:Communication, High strength light weight materialsOil and Gas:Nanotechnology in Explorationx. Textiles:xi.xii.xiii.38

i. Medical / Nanomedicine39

Biomedical Applications‣ Competitive technologies’ agreement for dental use ofnanotechnology bone biomaterial‣ Anti‐cancer drugs‣ Injecting of micro‐doses of toxin into cancer cells – true healing atthe molecular level‣ Anti‐microbial encapsulation‣ Use of nano‐carbon buckyballs and nano‐tubes for drug delivery‣ Biomimetics: Synthesis products‣ Manufacturing of quantum dots of 3 –5 nm suitable for buildngbiomolecules‣ Tissue engineering: From MESA+ to replace damaged tissue orprovide the missing ones‣ Artificial sensor for eye, ear or nerve, bioelectronic interface‣ Diagnostic sensors (Easy detection of diseases)‣ Longer lasting medical implants‣ Immediate mapping of an individual’s genetic code‣ Instruments for studying individual molecules‣ Detection of clothing contact with Anthrax within 20 minutes‣ Lab‐on‐a‐chip for blood test and analysis40

Identification of Diseases41

Nano‐particles for Drug Delivery‣ Gold Nano‐particles made itpossible to deliver cancerdrugs only to the targettumours thus minimizing sideeffects.‣ Gold Nano‐particles are beingevaluated not only as drugdelivery systems but also ascancer monitoring andtreatment system.42

Cancer Cell TreatmentCancer CellAnti‐CancerTargeted Protein43

Diagnosis and Destruction of Cancer CellFerric oxide Nanparticlestargetting and destroyingcancerous cell withoutdemaging normal cellsNormal cells44

Cancer Treatment with Nanotechnology• Nanotechnology created particles directly attach tocancer cells with “Lethal payload of drugs”• Nano‐cell, 1/5 of normal cell is tagged withantibodies attracted by cancerous tumours• Do not flood the body with toxic chemicals• No usual harmful debilitating side effects such asnausea, hair loss• No life threatening as chemotherapy• Trials on lab animals• Human trials soonSource: The News, 14th May 2007 (From Australian Scientists)45

Medicine and Health‣ Nanorobots could also be programmed to performdelicate surgeries –such nanosurgeons could work at alevel, a thousand times more precise than the sharpestscalpel.‣ By working on such a small scale, a nanorobot couldoperate without leaving the scars that conventionalsurgery does.‣ Nanorobots could change your physical appearance. Theycould be programmed to perform cosmetic surgery,rearranging your atoms to change your ears, nose, eyecolor or any other physical feature you wish to alter.46

ii. Energy47

Applications in Energy Sector‣ Solar energyNanotechnology hike hydrogen production‣ Solar CellsNanotechnology‐based power cell technologywill address power needs in defence, industrialand consumer electronics‣ BatteriesHigh energy density batteries48

Saving Energy through Advanced NanomaterialsThe most immediate opportunities lie in saving energy through theuse of advanced materials and this is already a $1.6 billion dollarmarket, predicted to rise to$ 51 billion by 2014.‐ Despite advances in battery technology, hydrogen storage and fuelcells, energy saving technologies will exhibit faster growth,accounting for 75% of the market for nanotechnologies in 2014, upfrom 62% in 2007‐ The adoption of energy generation technologies is highly sensitiveto geopolitical factors and consumer acceptance, while energysaving technologies exhibit no such problems‐ Solid state lighting, nanocomposite materials, aerogels and fuelborne catalysts will have the greatest impact between now and2014‐ Compound annual growth rates are 64% for energy savingtechnologies and 90% for energy generation, while energy storageapplications show a comparatively lowly 30%‐ Applications in transportation will increase to $50 billion by 2014with a CAGR of 72%49

iii. Automobiles50

Applications in Automobile Technology• World’s first commercial nanotechnology based solidlubricant declared non‐toxic• Automobiles with greater fuel efficiency• Aerospace components with enhanced performancecharacteristics.• Dust free mirrors used in recent Nissan cars• Fog free glass windows for cars: Spray of nanoceramicson glass• Carbon atoms arranged in precise diamond‐likefashion create a stronger material 100 times strengthto‐weightratio than steel and 6 times lighter thansteel (Nanonow, May 2007)51

Nano‐Lub TMNano Lubricants• Significant reduction in friction andwear• Better than conventional lubricantsespecially at high loads• Prolongs device service life, lowersmaintenance costs and downtimes• Useful in applications ranging:machines, tooling, jets and satellites• World's first commercial solid lubricantbased on spherical inorganicnanoparticlesSource: http://www.apnano.com/52

Nano-Sperse ResinsNano‐Sperse resins are powerful tools for theenhancement of product properties.• Composites: High strength, fracture resistance,flammability resistance.• Adhesives:Scratch resistant, bond strength,dimensional stability, conductivity.• Coatings: EMI (Electromagnetic Imaging) / RFI(Radio Frequency Imaging), shielding, antistaticproperties and barrier.These are nanocomposite additives.Source: http://www.nationalpolymerlabs.com/product_applications.htm53

iv. Industry54

Industrial Applications of Nanotechnology• Ductile, machinable ceramics• Better insulation materials• Phosphors for high definition TV• Low cost flat panel displays• Tougher and harder cutting tools• Elimination of pollutants• Polymers, plastics etc with high electricalconductivity, more than copper• Lightweight high strength materials• Better ink –inkjet printing• Nano‐fibers conduct electricity55

Carbon Nanotubes•Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a new form ofcarbon, equivalent to two dimensionalgraphene sheet rolled into a tube•Two main types of nanotubes are,‐ Single‐Walled Nanotubes (SWNTs) and‐ Multi‐Walled Nanotubes (MWNTs).• Tensile strength ~ 200 Giga Pascal, ideal forreinforced composites and nanoelectromechanicalsystems (NEMS)• Metallic or semiconducting and offers amazingpossibilities to create future nanoelectronicsdevices, circuits, and computers• Nanotubes are based on carbon or otherelements. These systems consist of graphiticlayers seamlessly wrapped into cylinders.56

New, invisible nano‐fibers conduct electricity, repel dirt•A SEM image of plastic fibers grown on asheet of transparent film. A surface carpetedwith tiny plastic fibers can be made toattract or repel water and oil.•Tiny plastic fibers could be the key to somediverse technologies in the future ‐‐ includingself‐cleaning surfaces, transparentelectronics, and biomedical tools thatmanipulate strands of DNA.•A drop of water balances perfectly on aplastic surface covered with microscopicfibers and can be made to attract or repelwater. It is water repellant, so the drop cannot spread out along the surface; instead, itretains its spherical shape.Source: Ohio State University, Published: 15:58 EST, June 28, 200757

Nanotech clay armour creates fire resistant hardwearing latex emulsion paintsTo‐date latex emulsion paints have relied on theaddition of soaps or similar materials to overcome thepolymer parts of the paint's aversion to water, stabilizethe paint and make it work. Individually coated polymerparticles used in such paints with a series of nanosizedLaponite clay discs effectively create an armoured layeron the individual polymer latex particles in the paint.The clay discs are 1 nanometre thick by 25 nanometresin diameter. The Lapointe clay discs can be applied usingcurrent industrial paint manufacture equipment. Theynot only provides an alternative to soap but can also beused to make the paint much more hard wearing andfire resistant.Source: University of Warwick , The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids Vol. 23, Issue 31 st July, 200758

Nanotechnology and Catalysis

Nanotechnology in Catalysis• Fabrication of model platinum nanoparticle catalysts by electronbeam lithography• Nanostructure processing of advanced catalysts• New catalytic materials for clean technology• Design of open metal sites in porous metal‐organic crystals• Nanofunctionalization of catalysts for methanol‐to‐olefin chemistry• Synthesis of nanocrystalline perovskites for catalytic combustion ofMethane• Nanocrystalline LaCoO3 based perovskites as catalysts for VOCoxidation• Mixed‐metal clusters as precursors for nanoparticle bimetalliccatalysts embedded in mesoporous silica MCM‐41• Catalysis by metallic nanoparticles, the good and the bad• Nanoporous carbon membranes for catalysis and separation

Nanotechnology in Catalysis (Continued)• Performance of nano‐nickel particles containing catalyst inthe hydrogenation of toluene• Characterization and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles• Catalytic Properties of Mixed Nanoparticles• Preparation and Characterization of Sulfated Zirconia/SilicaSuper Acid Nano‐catalyst• Highly selective dehydration of 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanol toterminal olefin catalyzed by (hydrous) zirconia solidcatalysts• Synthesis of Ti‐MWW as a catalyst for selective epoxidationof alkenes• Construction of multisite chiral catalysts: Dendrimerfixationof C2‐symmetrical• Preparation and characterization of catalyst applied forsynthesis of carbon nanotubes via CCVD method

Nanotechnology Optimizes CatalystSystem• 90% of chemical based products use catalysis.• The most effective catalysts; transition metals ortransition metal complexes e.g. Platinum,manganese• Compare to normal Catalysts, nanoparticles withextremely large surface to volume ratio provide veryacitve and effective catalysts

Ruthanium (Ru) Nanoparticles• Nanostructured catalyst designed withruthenium nanoparticles sandwiched inthe pore walls of carbon Dr. Xiu Song Zhao• Current Applications: Chemical,petrochemical, food, and pharmaceuticalindustries, and in energy‐conversiontechnologies.

Ruthanium NanoparticlesPreparation: First, catalystnanoparticles dispersed on thepore surface of a hard template(e.g., zeolite Y and mesoporousSBA‐15) are prepared. Then, thepores of the template are filledwith a carbon precursor followedby carbonization. Finally, thetemplate was removed by using aHF solution to yield a porouscarbon with the catalystnanoparticles incorporated in thecarbon matrix.The TEM image clearly shows sandwichedruthenium nanoparticles in porous carbon.(Image: Dr. Zhao, National University ofSingapore)

Advantages of Ruthanium Nanoparticles• Firm fixation in the carbon matrix• No aggregation• No pore blocking• Extremely intimate contact between themetal and support• Controllable ruthenium nanoparticle size• Tailorable pore size of the support.

Catalytic Hydrogenation of BenzeneThis scheme illustrates catalytic hydrogenation of benzene enhanced byhydrogen spillover promoted by the ruthenium‐carbon nanostructured catalyst(Image: Dr. Zhao, National University of Singapore)

Applications of Ru Nanoparticles Fixed inC‐layers• Selective hydrogenation• Hydrogen storage• Methanol electro‐oxidation for Fuel CellTechnology

Ru Surrounded by 1‐212 Layers of Pt Atoms• Nanotechnology‐driven chemicalcatalyst paves the way for moreefficient hydrogen fuel‐cell vehicles• Catalyst created by surrounding ananoparticle of ruthanium (Ru) withone to two layers of platinum (Pt)atoms, produces robust roomtemperature catalyst thatdramatically improves hydrogenpurification reaction and leavesmore hydrogen available to makeenergy in the fuel cellCredit: University of Wisconsin‐Madison

v. Computer / InformationTechnology69

Computer / Information Technology• Nanoelectronics: Biomolecules• IT: Large density information 1012• Next generation computer chips• Large electro‐chromic devices• Nano‐computers with molecular machines will allowalmost anything to be designed and made frominexpensive raw materials, such as, air, sunlight or evendirt.• Specific magnetic properties for magnetic recording• High erosion resistance70

Nanorods and nanowires could increase memoryNanoparticles can be used to increase the magneticbaseddata storage on future generations of computerhard drives.Recently, iron‐platinum nanorods and nanowires weresynthesized with increased control of composition andshape of particles by varying the concentrations ofsurfactant, which affects surface tension and solvent inthe solution. Using more surfactant lowers the surfacetension and longer wire can be produced. Rods and wireswith lengths, 20 to 200 nanometers with ironconcentrations, 45 to 55 percent were produced. It ishoped that particles shaped less like wires and more likebricks may be fabricated making it easier to use.Some experts believe that conventional magneticstorage techniques will reach their limit by about 2010.Source: http://www.nanotechnology.com Friday, July 06, 2007

vi. Defence72

Nanotechnology in Defence• Lightweight and strong material for defence• Better and future weapons platforms (for missile launching): Replacement ofdepleted uranium missile launching platforms• Kinetic Energy (KE) penetrators with enhanced lethality (replacement of depleteduranium penetrators).• Nano paint could boost antiterrorism, rescue efforts• Killing machines prepare to do warfare’s dirty work• Specially prepared clouds of nanotechnology particles to disrupt electronicsurveillance systems• New forms of sensors, information technology will enable small unmannedsystems and autonomous weapons to reach their target with the ability to adaptto unexpected changes in weather, detect and counter threats directed at them• Wide range of military equipment including clothing, armour, weapons, personalcommunications equipment with optimized characteristics, operation andperformance enhanced to meet changing conditions automatically73

Annual DoD Investment in Nanotechnology; 2006 estimated.DoD, USA “Defence Nanotechnology Research and Development Programs”, May 8,200674

Defence and Security• Changing military requirements brings need for newtechnologies: to negate camouflage, & allow forpassive, undetectable surveillance and target ranging• DSTO CTD contract – three years & up to $ 2.7 million.Developing QPI to enable imaging over greaterdistances• International interest from other key militaryorganizations• Large markets but long development lead times75

Processed Image Shape•Defence Science Technology Organization (DSTO) $2.7million research contract commencedConventional ImageIatia Processed Shape Image76

vii. Cosmetics77

Nanotech Skin Creams• Anti‐Wrinkle Nanotech Skin Cream: As compared to conventionalskin creams that sit on top of the skin, nanotechnology‐enhancedcosmetic treatments penetrate deep beneath the surface and affectsthe base molecular layer.• Nanocrystalline Sunscreen: Zinc oxide provides broad‐spectrumprotection against UVA and UVB rays. Z‐COTE by BASF: Nanodispersedzinc oxide is the basis of Z‐COTE.• 4nm Spheres for Cosmetics: Used in orthopaedic and dentalsurgeries to facilitate the bone rebuilding, hydroxyapatite is gainingground in cosmetic skincare for women over 60.• Nano Gold Anti‐aging:In one‐time use, about 1 billion nano‐ goldpowder grains work on the skin to prevent aging by moisturizing(lasts for 72 hours in one time use) with whitening and anti‐wrinkleeffects.78

Nanotech Skin Creams (Continued)• Eternalis Anti‐aging:Anti‐aging formulations based on the latestadvances in nanotechnology for nourished, radiant, firmer andyounger looking skin.• Nanolotion: The nanolotion melts into skin thanks to its ultra finemoisturizing texture (nanotechnology)...• NanoCream Filters: NanoCeram® pleated filter cartridges provideunusually high flow rates, yet provide extremely efficient filtrationsolutions, low pressure‐drop associated with a 25‐35 filter, yetachieving a removal efficiency of 99.9% for 0.25 particles.Source: various79

viii. Agriculture80

Ten Big Problems for Humanityin the Next 50 YearsAGRICULTURE1. Energy 6. Education2. Water 7. Democracy3. Food 8. Population4. Environment 9. Disease5. Poverty 10.Terrorism and WarSource: Alan MacDiarmid, em São Carlos, SP, abril de 200581

Fluorescent nanoparticles shed light onplant proteins• Researchers have employed fluorescentsemiconducting nanoparticles - or quantum dots- to label plant proteins. This is the first use ofquantum dots for live imaging in plant systems;previously they have been applied to livemammalian cell culturesThe University of California, Riverside, USA

Why Nanotechnology is Important?Nanofood Market2520$ Billion1510502005 2008 2010YearSource: Helmut Kaiser Consultancy, Germany83

Nanotechnology in Food & AgricultureFood industry is facing some pretty dominant issues to its business:Nanotechnologies can provide the following solutions1. Nanoscale biosensors for pathogen detection and diagnosis.2. Delivering bioactive ingredients in foodstuffs through improvedknowledge of food materials at the nanoscale.3. Nanocale filtration systems for improved texture modification.Source: http://www.nanofood.info84

Nano Food: Examples• Nanocapsules and nano-objects for "on demand" preservatives,enriched food, flavour, smell, taste and colours• Interactive food: attractive surface treatment, glaziers and colours,• Improvement of food safety and quality, Extension of productsshelf-life• Nanotechnology for food processing• Nanocontrol of healthy digestion tube and micro-flora, digestionmore compatible food• Improved cooking, control of food ingredients• Alternative feeding : transmucosal, skin etc..• Special foods for: Hospitals, Space, Hot and Cold areas• Controlled extraction and release of nanoparticles• Nanocarriers for food and delivery of nutrientsSource: http://www.hkc22.com/nanofood2040.html85

Food Packaging: Examples• Magnetic nanocomposite for tag sensors• Nano-particle filled polymers• Enhancement of durability and usability of plastic packaging• Nanoprinted, intelligent packaging, controlled release, nanoadditives,nanocoding of plastics and paper materials forauthentication & identification purposes• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), monitoring tagging, trademark & fraud protection, improved supply chain efficiency,nanobarcodes• In situ sensors, food quality monitoring (e.g colour), control andnutraceuticals delivery, paper and plastics with sensing ability,portable DNA / protein chips for food quality tests• Extreme condition packaging (for hot, cold, aerospace areas)Source: http://www.hkc22.com/nanofood2040.html86

Nano CompositesLighter and strongerMinimizes loss of CO 2from beerNano food‐packaging film(Bayer Polymer Inc)Nanoclay particle based beer bottle(Nanocor Inc)87

Nano-Electronic TongueNano‐Electronic TongueSource: Kraft FoodsQuality control for beverages byelectronic tongue88

Nano Feed for Chicken• Nano Selenium may stop bird flu• Nano Chicken Feed –polystyrenenanoparticles bind with bacteria inchickens as alternative to chemicalantibioticsSource: Biofactors Journal, 2001 Altair Nanotechnologies Ltd89

ix. Environment90

Nanotechnology and Environment‣ Airborne nanorobots could be programmed to rebuild thethinning ozone layer.‣ Contaminants could be automatically removed fromwater sources and oil spills could be cleaned up instantly.‣ Many resources could be constructed by nanomachines:Cutting down trees, mining coal or drilling for oil may nolonger be necessary. Resources could simply beconstructed by nanomachines.‣ Manufacturing materials using the bottom‐up method ofnanotechnology also creates less pollution thanconventional manufacturing processes. Our dependenceon non‐renewable resources would diminish withnanotechnology.91

Water Purification by Nanotechnology• Water purification is among the mostchallenging health, social and technologicalissues facing the world• Development of nanoscale sensors that can beapplied to membrane surfaces, enablingoptimized maintenance of water purificationmembranes and significant extension of theirlifetimes92

Nanomaterial Filters Water at Low CostNew nano‐material could reduce thecost of filtering and recycling water ina few years' time because it worksbetter than conventional cleaningfilters or membranes. It eliminatesunwanted matter like dissolved saltsand chemical compounds in water byusing ultraviolet and visible light. Thematerial then clears its surface tocollect more unwanted material.Source: http://www.nanotechnology.com, 4 th June, 200793

x. Textiles94

Nano-Tech Clothing• Nano‐Tech Ski Jacket : Nanotechnology makes thetwo‐layer laminate windproof, waterproof,breathable and grime resistant, uses Nano‐Texenhancements.• Wrinkle‐Resistant,Stain‐RepellentNanotech Clothes:California‐based Nano‐Tex forms a barrier thatcauses liquids and stains to bead up on the surfaceand prevent absorption. It is wrinkle‐proof but repelsstains from perennial offenders like soda, coffee,wine, mayonnaise and syrup.95

xi. Sports96

Nano‐tech Products• Nano‐techSunglasses: Ohio‐based Nanofilm usesnanotechnology to produce protective and antireflectiveultrathin polymer coatings for eyewear. It not only seals andrepels grime and skin oils but also makes the lenses moreresponsive.• Nano‐Tech Tennis Rackets: Lightweight, oversized‐headmodels are made out of high modulus graphite with carbonnanotubes supplied by France's Nanoledge. One hundredtimes stronger than steel, yet one‐sixth the weight and fivetimes more rigid.• Nano‐Tech Tennis Balls: Remain playable for four weeks.double the life of normal balls by coating the ball's inner corewith 20 microns thick layered sheets of clay polymer nanocomposites‐ each 1 nanometer thin (InMat).97

The Nano Revolution in Materials•This new science of the small has brought tomarket self‐cleaning windows, smog‐eatingconcrete and toxin‐sniffing nanosensors.•Three hundred nanoengineered products arenow commercially available; $32 billion worthof them were sold last year, with salesexpected to top $1 trillion by 2015.•Nanoscientists are creating revolutionarymaterials like single atom thick coatings,carbon nanotubes up to 50 times strongerthan steel (yet 10 times lighter), and quantumdots that could enable us to change the colorof almost any object instantaneously.Source: ARCHITECT Magazine, May 1, 200798

xii. Aerospace99

Nanotechnology in Aerospace(A decrease in payload/onboard instrumentation of a missileleads to about nine times reduction in the booster weight)•Lightweight and strong materials•Nano‐sensors, e.g. gyro•Nanoelctronics and computers with high density memories•Lightweight, wrinkle‐free, stain‐free and responsive clothing•Personalized communication equipment•Nanocapsules and nano‐objects for "on demand" preservatives,enriched food, flavour, smell, taste and colours•Solar cells: high efficiency and lightweight•High energy density batteries100

xiii. Oil and Gas101

Nanotechnology in Oil and Gas ExplorationNanotechnology has been used in almost in any kind of Industry forincreased production due to nanomaterials, nanodevices and nanotechniques.In particular for Oil and Gas industry several important applications ofNanotechnology are tried:1. To develop geothermal resources by increasing thermalconductivity.2. Development of non‐corrosive materials.3. Use of nano scale metals to separate deposits for geothermalexploration.4. Developing nano catalysts and nano scale membranes for GTL(Gas To Liquid) production.5. Improved oil and gas production to separate oil from gas in thereservoir through improved studies of the process atmolecular (nano scale) level.6. More effective separation of oil and water throughnanotechnology.102

Nanotechnology in Oil and Gas Exploration(Continued)7. To improve the drilling speed by mixing nanosized particles withfluids.8. Reduced pollution through filters and particles at nano‐scale whichallows the removal of volatile organic compounds from oil vapourand mercury from soil and water.9. Using new nanotech sensors for improving exploration and whichlast longer than the present sensors.10. Use of improved catalysts for on‐site field upgrading combinedwith hydrogen methane production.11. Lightweight and rugged materials to reduce weight requirementson off‐shore platforms and more‐reliable and energy‐efficienttransportation vessels.12. New imaging techniques of computation for improved discovery,sizing and characterization of reservoirs.13. Small drill‐hole evaluation instruments to reduce drilling costs.14. Use of Nano Sensors to provide data on reservoir characterization,fluid flow monitoring and fluid type recognition.15. Nano‐based high performance temperature and pressure sensors103

8. Nano Present and future104

Development of NanotechnologyCurrent and future applicationsCurrent Short Term Long TermNano Filters Paints Nanotube CompositesCosmetics Remediation LubricantsComposites Fuel Cells Magnetic MaterialsClays Displays Medical ImplantsCoatings Batteries Machinealble CeramicsTougher Tools Fuel Additives Water PurificationCatalysisBattle Suits105

Nano FutureCutting tools &wear resistantcoatingPharmaceuticals& drugsElectronicsdevicesPigments inpaintsNanonowJewelry, optical &semiconductorpolishingBiosensors,transistors &detectorsNano2007Drug delivery,bio-magneticseparationFunctionaldesignerfluidsPropellants,nozzles, &valvesFlameretardantadditivesNano-optical,optical,electronics &power sourcesNano2012Faster switchesand ultra sensitivesensorsHigh‐end flexibledisplaysNano‐bio materialsas artificial organsNEMS-baseddevices106

9. Nanotechnology forDeveloping Countries107

Nanotechnology for Developing Countries• Agriculture• Energy• Water Treatment• Healthcare• Substitution of Precious Materials108

Agriculture• Enhanced productivity through control of nutrients andpesticides (smart pesticides)• Control of microbial and chemical contamination• Nano chicken feed, nano‐selenium to stop bird fluEnergy• Solar energy: Nanotechnology hike hydrogen production,Solar Cells• Energy saving: more efficient and long life solid statelighting• Energy saving through the use of advanced materials• Automobiles with greater fuel efficiency109

Water Treatment• Low cost filters for potable water• Removal of contaminants from water sources• Removal of oil spillsHealthcare / Nanomedicine• Diagnostic sensors (Easy detection ofdiseases)• Anti‐cancer drugs• AIDS prevention110

Substitution of Precious Materials• Nanostrctured ceramics to substitute special alloys,tungsten etc• Catalysis research to substitute platinum in petrolindustry• Low cost flat panel displays• Nano catalysts and nano scale membranes for GTL (GasTo Liquid) production• More effective separation of oil and water throughnanotechnology• Small drill‐hole evaluation instruments to reduce drillingcosts111

10. Nanotechnology Activities inDeveloping Countries112

Nanotechnology in Pakistan113

Constitution of the National Commission onNano- Science & Technology (NCNST)Realizing the importance of Nanotechnology the Government of Pakistan setup aNational Commission on Nano‐Science and Technology (NCNST) in October, 2003.The main objective of the NCNST was to popularize R&D and its applications for thesocio‐economic benefits of the people of Pakistan.NCNST developed two prong strategies:a) To recommend the Government to support Nano‐Science & TechnologyProjects of universities and R&D centers which are already involved inprecision science and technology at micro level so that they can convenientlyswitch over to nano‐scale precisions. Some of the precision methods involveSolid State Science, Biological Science, Molecular Chemistry and Atomic andNuclear Sciences.b) To suggest the Government to set a central facility in Nano‐Science andTechnology on priority areas according to the needs of Pakistan.Over these years some institutions have already started R&D in Nano‐Science andTechnology, which will be briefly described114

National Commission on Nano-Science and Technology(1 st tenure: October 2003 - October 2006, 2 nd tenure: October 2006 - 0ctober 2008)[Gazette No. 5(54)/2003-ASA (P&C)] Government of PakistanMinistry of Science and Technology : October 31 st , 2003 and July 24 th , 2007New Composition1. Dr. N.M.Butt ChairmanChairman,Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad.2. Dr. Abdullah Sadiq MemberRector, GIK Institute of Engineering and Technology,Topi, Swabi.3. Dr. Anjum Tauqir MemberDG, Metallurgy Department, KRL, Kahuta, Rawalpindi.4. Prof. Dr. Fazal Ahmad Khalid MemberDean Faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,GIK Institute of Sciences & Technology, Topi, Swabi.5. Dr. Hameed A. Khan, H.I., S.I. MemberExecutive Director, COMSATS Secretariat, Islamabad.115115

6. Prof. Ikram-ul-Haq MemberNational Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry,University of Peshawar, Peshawar.7. Dr. Khalid Javed Chaudhry MemberChairman/(CEO), Medi Pak Private (LTD.),132 Industrial Estate, Kot Lakhpat, Lahore.8. Dr. Khalil A. Qureshi H.I., S.I. MemberMember (CAC)Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad.9. Prof. M.A.K. Malghani, MemberBalochistan University of ManagementSciences and Information Technology, Quetta.10. Prof. M. Iqbal Chaudhry MemberActing Director, HEJ Research institute of chemistry,University of Karachi, Karachi.11. Prof. Mohammad Mujahid Member/SecretaryInstitute of Space Technology, Islamabad116116

12. Prof. Mohammad Naseem MemberPrincipal, Dawood Engineering College, Karachi13. Representative of NESCOM Member14. Dr. Shahzad Alam MemberPrincipal Engineer, Pakistan Council of Scientificand Industrial Research, Lahore.15. Prof. shahzad Naseem MemberMicroelectronics Research Centre Punjab University,Lahore.16. Dr. Shaukat Hameed Khan MemberMember (S&T), Planning and Development Commission,Islamabad.17. Representative of M/o Science and Technology Member(Deputy Scientific Adviser (P&C))117117

Nanotechnology Activitiesa. Lectures on Nanotechnologyb. Conferences Organized & Co‐sponsoredc. Research Projectsd. International Interaction118118

a. Lectures on NanotechnologyA series of lectures on New Materials and Nanotechnology were delivered by Dr.N.M. Butt over the years.1995– 2005• PINSTECH, (New Materials), Islamabad, 1994‐1997• Conference on Nanotechnology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT),Islamabad, 2001• Nanotechnology: An Overview: The Twelfth Conference of the Islamic Academy ofSciences, Islamabad, October 14‐17, 2002• Nanotechnology: The Key Technology: Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, July 31,2003• NUST (Material Science), Rawalpindi, February2004• Review Paper, International Conference, PCSIR Lahore, September 2004• PCSIR (Advanced Materials), Lahore, 2005• Nano‐technology: NUST, EME, Rawalpindi, 2005• Nano Science and Technology in Pakistan: International Congress on Nano‐technology(ICNT 2005), San Francisco, California, USA, October 30 –November 4, 2005• Nanotechnology, 18 th FAOBMB Symposium on “Genomics and Proteomics in Health andAgriculture”, Punjab University, Lahore, November 23, 2005119119

Lectures – 20061. “Review of Nanotechnology and its applications”,Riphah International University, Islamabad,“Nanochemitry Conference”, Karachi2. Pakistan Institute of Physics (PIP) Conference: (UET)Lahore.3. University of Faisalabad / Faisalabad Chamber4. Sialkot Chamber of Commerce5. CIIT [NIIT], Islamabad6. Live-Stock Conference, Lahore7. Pakistan Engineering Council, Islamabad8. International Conference on Technology basedDevelopment: Strategies & Options for Pakistan,Islamabad (Organized by COMSATS)120120

Lectures – 2006 (Continued)9.“Introduction to Nanotechnology”, Computer Society of Pakistan,Rawalpindi / Islamabad Chapter10.“Comparative study of Bulk and Nanoparticles Ferrites using theMossbauer Spectroscopy”, 3 rd International Congress of Nanotechnology(ICNT 2006), San Francisco, California, USA. 30 th Oct. - 2 nd Nov. 200611.“Comparative study of Bulk and Nanoparticles Ferrites using theMossbauer Spectroscopy”, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, California, U.S.A.3 rd Nov. 200612.“Comparative studies of Mossbauer Parameters of Bulk andNanoparticles Ferrites using the Mossbauer Spectroscopy”, Departmentof Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park Dayton,Ohio, U.S.A., Oct. 28, 200613.“Comparative studies of Bulk and Nanoparticles Ferrites using theMossbauer Spectroscopy”, Department of Physics, NationalNanotechnology Research Centre, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara,Turkey.14.“Comparative studies of Nano Size and Bulk Size Ferrites using theMossbauer Spectroscopy”, Department of Physics, KOC University,Istanbul, Turkey.• Media: Radio, TV and Print media has been utilized for creating awarenessof the importance of Nanotechnology for National benefits.121121

Lectures – 20071. The Era of Nanotechnology, PAF Academy, Risalpur, January 12, 20072. Recent Trends in Nanotechnology, International Conference on the Role of Chemistryand Biochemistry for National Development, University of Balochistan, Quetta, April16‐18, 20073. Nanotechnology & Health Care, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, 19 th May, 20074. Nanotechnology as a Multidisciplinary Subject, CIIT, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad,28 th May, 20075. Nanotechnology and its Wonders, Quaid‐i‐Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, 20 thJuly, 20076. Nanotechnology and its Current Status, Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS),Islamabad, 31 st July, 20077. Nanotechnology and Diffraction from Materials, National Workshop on CrystalStructure Determination using Powder X‐Ray Methods, Center of Solid State Physics,Punjab University, Lahore, 15‐17 August 20078. Nanotechnology and Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, University ofKarachi, Karachi, September 1, 20079. Overview of Nanotechnology in Pakistan, Seminar on the Role of Nanomaterials inBiotechnology and Medicine, NIBGE, Faisalabad, September 10, 200710. Nanotechnology and Physics, Physics Department, CIIT, Chak Shehzad Campus, ParkRoad, Islamabad, November 29, 2007122122

8. Lectures 20081. Nanotechnology and its Current Status, Regional Workshop on Nanotechnology, SultanQaboos University, Muscat, Oman, January 13‐14, 20082. Nanotechnology and its Applications in the Labour Market, Regional Experts Meeting inthe Field of University Scientific Research and the Labour Market, Islamabad, February 25‐27, 20083. Overview of Nanotechnology, International Workshop on Nanomedicine, COMSTECH,Islamabad, March 13‐20, 20084. Nanotechnology for Quality Consumer Goods, National Conference on ConsumerProtection in Pakistan, “Science and Technology for Promoting Quality and Standards”,Karachi, March 15, 20085. Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture, National Conference on “Recent Advancesin Agriculture Biotechnology”, Islamabad, March 18, 2008123123

. Conferences on Nano-Science and TechnologyOrganized / Co-Sponsored by NCNSTi. Nano‐Science and Technology in Pakistan, COMSATS Headquarters,Islamabad, June 13‐14, 2005ii. Nano‐Science and its Applications, Nanotech Week, 30 th InternationalNathiagali Summer College, Nathiagali, July 4‐9, 2005iii. 9 th International Symposium on Advanced Materials, ISAM‐2005, Islamabad,September 19‐22, 2005iv. Nanochemistry, HEJ, Karachi, January 9, 2006v. International School on Surfaces, Thin films, Nanostructures & Application,CIIT, Lahore, October 26 ‐ 31, 2006vi. International Meeting on Emerging Technologies and Developing Countries,COMSATS Headquarters, Islamabad, November 28‐29, 2006vii. 2 nd International Conference on Frontiers of Advanced Engineering Materials(FAEM‐06), Pakistan Institute of Technology for Minerals and AdvancedEngineering Materials (PITMAEM), PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Lahore,December 4‐6, 2006124

c. Research ProjectsFollowing research projects in Pakistan are being carried out in variousorganizations/institutions, evaluated and recommended by NCNSTNo. Project Institution Rs million Funded byi. Synthesis and Characterization PIEAS 60 HECii. Nano‐magnetism QAU 137 HECiii. Micro/Nano electronic devices CIIT 189 HECiv. Nano‐Composites GIK 195 HECv. Nano‐biotechnology NIBGE 155 MoSTvi. Nano‐devices, L.E.D. etc PINSTECH 196 MoSTTotal (US$ 15 million): 932125

Nanotechnology R & D in Pakistan1. Nanocomposites: Copper‐Carbon Composites using Multi‐Wall Carbon Tubes(MWCT)Prof. Fazal A. Khalid, M. Bashir, GIK, Topi2. Nanotechnology Products of Various Oxides: Rare earth nano oxidesProf. Ikram‐ul‐Haq, University of Peshawar3. (a). Synthesis of Biocompatible Gold Particles(b). Development of Nanobiotechnological Research at NIBGE:Functionalization NanoparticlesDr. Irshad Hussain, NIBGE4. Nanochemistry of Iron Oxide by Mossbauer SpectroscopyProf. M. Mazar, Quaid‐e‐Azam University, Islamabad5. Nano Research at Microelectronics Research Centre : Non‐volatile memorydevices, Magnetic Tunnel Junction DeviceProf. Shahzad Naseem, Punjab University, Lahore6. Nanoscience at Department of Physics CIIT, Islamabad: Quantum dot and thinfilmsDr. Arshad Saleem Bhatti, CIIT, Islamabad7. Influence of Rate of Deposition on the Dewetting: Characterization of NanoclustersShaista Babar and A. S. Bhatti, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign8. Nanotechnology Research at PIEAS: Mesoporous aluminaDr. Mazhar Mehmood, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad126

d. International InteractionSome contacts are in progress for interaction withNanotech laboratories in‣ UK‣ Germany‣ USA‣ China‣ Korea‣ Hong Kong127

Pakistan’s Perspective1. National Commission on Nano‐ Science and Technology(NCNST)2. Funding of R&D projects on nanotechnology by HEC andMoST (∼ Rs one billion)3. Several R&D organizations working on nanotechnology:COMSATS, KRL, PIEAS, PINSTECH, PCSIR, Universities …4. Establishment of nanotechnology lab at PCSIR, Lahore(Rs 15 million)5. PC‐1 for the Establishment of National Institute of Nano‐Science and Technology128

India: Growth Opportunity through Nanotech• Technology can help GDP touch $2 trillion• Harnessing of technologies will help India achieve aGross Domestic Product (GDP) of USD 2‐3 trillion inthe next 15 years, from the current USD 650 billion,according to [Reliance Industries Ltd Chairman andManaging Director, Mukesh D. Ambani]• During the fiscal year (2006‐07), Rs 1.8 billion werebudgeted to set up seven to eight nano‐science andtechnology centers in the country.129

Iranian Nanotechnology Initiative (INI)• The Special Office of NanotechnologyDevelopment established in the IslamicRepublic of Iran Presidency in 2003• Ten year strategy of nanotechnologydevelopment (2005‐2014)• ECO‐NAN, ECO Nanotechnology Network‐Proposed by Iran (2007)130

China• National R&D Centres: National Centre forNanoScience and Technology, National EngineeringCentre for Nano Technology and its Applications• About 3000 S&T workers in 50 universities, 20 CASinstitutes and 300 enterprises are working on nanoscienceand technology• Market for nanotechnology products in 2006 wasUS$ 5.4 bn which will increase to US$ 155 bn in 2015131

Taiwan• Six year nanoscience and nanotechnologyprogramme with US$ 700 million launched inJanuary 2004• National nanotechnology programme iscentred at the Industrial Technology Institute• Taichung Science Park completed: A sciencebasedindustrial complex focusing onnanotechnology –60 high‐tech firms to investUS$ 5.78 billion, creation of 40‐50 thousandjobs is expected132

11. Conclusion133133

Matter of ConcernLooking on the current literature through the Internet andthe initiatives on national level by various countries it isobvious that there is lot of race going on because ofcommercial and defense potential of Nanotechnology.Advanced countries would not invest without obvious gainsof controlling the world economically and strategically.The more we go into the study, the more concern we feel the waythe advanced countries, even India, are laying hands on Nano-Technology.This lecture is only an awareness attempt for Nanotechnology inthe area of Multidisciplinary subjects. It is now upto theScientists/Engineering's /Enterprogrammers to tap the unboundtreasures of Nanotechnology for the benefit of our dearhomeland.God Bless Us All, Ameen! 134134

12. Video Clips‣ Microplane-Shanghai Nanotech Inst-Helicopter Demonstration.MPG‣ Micropump-Shanghai Nanotech Inst-Demonstration.MPG‣ Microreducer- Shanghai Nanotech Inst-Demonstration.MPG‣ Nanotechnology in Cancer.mpeg‣ Soldier Nanotechnology.mpeg‣ Nanobot_vir_caution.wmv135135

Thank You136