Criteria for Recognit

(de Ronde et al., 2005)These calderas commonly host black smokers, but they are not the usual setting for large VMSdeposits. Smaller magma chambers beneath summit calderas result in smaller hydrothermalsystems and smaller, but potentially higher grade deposits. Shallower water = boiling anddevelopment of extensive stockwork mineralization. Direct magmatic contributions may besignificant in these volcanoes, leading to Cu- and Au-rich systems!White Island: Cu -110,000 kg/yr, Au – 36 kg/yr, Bi – 2190 kg/yr, S – 50,000 t/yrHedenquist et al., 1993