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Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | Positioningpaper"PPT aims to deliver net benefits to the poor as a goal in itself. Environmental concerns are justone part of the picture." (Ashley/Roe/Goodwin, 2001, p. 3)However, disciplines such as ecological economics have shown that poverty andenvironmental degradation are two sides of the same coin: the application of economicmodels of growth which make unsustainable use of natural resources. Even if far from radicalproposals, such as that advanced by the United Nations Conference on SustainableDevelopment (Rio+20), it is acknowledged that the one phenomenon cannot be separatedfrom the other.When faced with the choice between growthin the sector or the equitable distribution ofassociated profits, PPT clearly opts for theformer. No consideration is given to therisks entailed for local economies andecosystems of the growth of an industry thatrequires substantial human, financial, andnatural resources. The higher the number ofhotels, second homes or spaces devoted totourism, the more "fringe benefits" willtrickle down to the local population. Factorsgenerated by tourism development, such asincreased socio-economic differences,migration, unfair working conditions, thedestruction of ecosystems or the inequitable distribution of profits, are all considered byproponents of PPT to be unimportant consequences compared to the alleged possibilityoffered by tourism of generating a meagre income through low wages, tips, or the sale ofhandicraft. An income which, as we have seen, is often swallowed up by the inflationary effectof tourism, but which also disappears as the result of other phenomena such as the way inwhich tourism comes to replace other economic sectors such as agriculture.In short, according to the PPT discourse, any tourism model is acceptable, provided that itgenerates marginal benefits for the poor. The problem is that many of these models are bytheir very nature unsustainable, lead to the concentration of wealth in the hands of aprivileged few and divert necessary resources away from the development of key economicsectors. The conceptualisation of poverty in PPT discourse renders its proponents blind to thisreality.ReferencesAshley, C., Ashton, J. (2006): Can the private sector mainstream pro-poor tourism? id21 insights 62Ashley, C.; Haysom, G. (2005): From philanthropy to a different way of doing business: strategies andchallenges in integrating pro-poor approaches into tourism business. Submission to ATLAS AfricaConference. www.odi.org.uk/tourism/RESOURCES/longerpapers/0501_pptpilots_ATLASpaper.pdf.Ashley, C., Roe, D., Goodwin, H. (2001): Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism Work for thePoor. A review of experience. Nottingham: ODI&IIED&CRT.Bonilla, A.; Mortd, M. (2010): Turismo en el municipio de Tola, Nicaragua: Exclusión y resistencialocal, in Cañada, E. (coord.) Turismo en Centroamérica: Nuevo escenario de conflictividad. Managua:Luciérnaga.Chok, S.; J. Macbeth; Warren, C. (2007): Tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation: a critical analysis ofpro-poor tourism and implications for sustainability, in Hall, C. M. (ed.) op. cit.78
Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | PositioningpaperGeneralitat de Catalunya (2005): Evolució de la inflació a Catalunya i a Espanya 1995-2004. Barcelona:Direcció de Programació EconòmicaHall, C.M., ed. (2007): Pro-Poor Tourism: Who Benefits? Clavendon/Buffalo/Toronto: Channel ViewPublications.Mercer (2007): Costo de Vida Nacional 2007-2008. MéxicoMowforth, M., Munt, I. (2003): Tourism and Sustainability: Development and New Tourism in theThird World. London & New York: Routledge.UNWTO (2003): Turismo y atenuación de la pobreza. World Tourism Organization. Madrid.UNWTO (2004): Turismo y atenuación de la pobreza: Recomendaciones para la acción. WorldTourism Organization. MadridScheyvens, R. (2007): Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus, Current Issues in Tourism 10 (2&3): 231-254.Sen, A. (1981): Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: ClarendonPress.Townsend, P., Gordon, D., eds. (2002): World Poverty: New Policies to Defeat an Old Enemy. Bristol:The Policy Press.WTTC (2004): Namibia: The impact of travel & tourism on jobs and the economy. London.WTTC (2006): China, China Hong Kong SAR and China Macau SAR: The impact of travel & tourismon jobs and the economy. London.Jordi Gascón is a member of Xarxa de Consum Solidari – Responsible Tourism Forum.English translation: Centro Superior de Idiomas de la Universidad de Alicante, S.A.U.Environmental Stewardship: Governance Incorporating LocalCommunities in BrazilBy René SchärerCoastal communities and others in ecologically important areas are primary stakeholders ofthe eco-system. Mangroves, rain forests, and riparian forests are being destroyed at alarmingrates. Unless the local communities are partners in the protection and conservation of theseareas, eco-systems risk losing their vital functions including the ability to absorb largequantities of CO 2 as a buffer to climate change.The legacy of Chico MendesBrazilian folk hero Chico Mendes left at least one important legacy for mankind, whichdeserves to be replicated the world over – the law creating reserves for sustainable use. Theyare called "reservas extrativistas" in Portuguese (extractive reserves or RESEX). Mendes led theRubber Tappers Union in resisting the pressures of wealthy farmers who were usinggovernment land for cattle grazing. Chico and his companions were defending the thesis thatthe rainforest is worth more standing up then lying down; that extracting the richness from79
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