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Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | Positioningpaperhttp://www.wtmlondon.com/page.cfm/Action=press/libID=1/listID=1/libEntryID=303 (Accessed on29 May 2012).TripAdvisor, 2009. TripAdvisor Releases Travel Trends for 2009. available fromhttp://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g150807-i8-k2326782-TripAdvisor_Releases_Travel_Trends_for_2009-Cancun_Yucatan_Peninsula.html (Accessed on 29May 2012).SANS 1162:2011 South African National Standard, 2011. Responsible tourism – Requirements. Availablefrom http://eventgreening.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/SANS1162-Final-31-03-11.pdf(Accessed on 29 May 2012).UN, 2002. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. Available fromhttp://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf (Accessedon 30 May 2012).UN, 2012. Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) initiatives. Available fromhttp://webapps01.un.org/dsd/scp/public/Welcome.do (Accessed on 29 May 2012).VISIT, 2012. Available from www.yourvisit.info (Accessed at 30 June 2012).World Ecotourism Summit, 2002. Quebec Declaration on Ecotourism, available fromhttp://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/quebec-declaration.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2012).Zonneveld, Luuk (2008) Fairtrade Labelled Tourism: Rationale, concept, outline of business plan.Cologne pp.25-27.74
Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | PositioningpaperTourism as a Field of Development Cooperation: TheConceptualisation of Poverty in Pro-Poor Tourism DiscourseBy Jordi GascónWithin the field of developmentcooperation, approaches to thephenomenon of tourism are diverse. Onthe one hand, certain organisations andsocial platforms criticise tourism modelswhich have a negative impact on localecosystems, economies and populations,condemn the business sector forbenefitting from these models, andstrongly disapprove of the support that thetourism sector receives from publicinstitutions and multilateral organisations.On the other hand, a more conservative and uncritical discourse exists in which tourism isseen as a means to obtain additional resources for the marginalised population of the South,without questioning the validity of the model or addressing the causes of structural poverty.Within this second type of approach to the tourism-development nexus, the most widespreadintervention strategy in development cooperation is pro-poor tourism (PPT). Conceived inthe 1990s by British cooperation agencies, it has been adopted by development NGOs andgovernment agencies throughout the world, as well as by the World Tourism Organization(UNWTO, 2003). Even the platform for transnational companies, the World Travel &Tourism Council (WTTC), recommends adopting the PPT strategy in the euphemisticallynamed emerging countries (WTTC, 2004). The popularity of PPT in conservative spheressuch as the UNWTO and the WTTC is due to its uncritical vision. In fact, PPT raises thepossibility of presenting the principal beneficiary of the dominant model, transnationaltourism capital, as an agent of development cooperation.In recent years, PPT has become the subject of debate in academic circles. Several scientificpapers have already highlighted its conservative nature and its relationship with transnationalcapital 48 . To explore this criticism further, one specific aspect of the PPT agenda needs to beexamined: the conceptualisation of poverty.The main goal of PPT is to increase the income of the most disadvantaged sections of thepopulation, even though these benefits are marginal and it is others who monopolise most ofthe profits generated by tourism. The PPT rationale is that although the profits from tourismwhich filter down to the poorest sectors of society may seem paltry on a macro level, they arenevertheless significant in limited domestic economies, and could be important fordevelopment. This discourse is explicitly stated in its founding documents:48A summary of the criticisms of PPT is given in Hall, 2007.75
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