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Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | PositioningpaperPracticing Mediterranean citizenship based on the idea of a new global citizenship, whichwould enable our presence to be felt through a unified voice at global forums where the futureclimate of the planet is decided (Buades, 2010).ReferencesBuades, J. (2010): El llegat de Copenhaguen: l’emergència d’una nova ciutadania planetària. Managua:Albasud.Gao, X., & Giorgi, F. (2008): Increased aridity in the Mediterranean region under greenhouse gasforcing estimated from high resolution simulations with a regional climate model. Global andPlanetary Change, 62 (3-4), 195-209.Hallegatet, S., Somot, S., & Nassopoulos, H. (2009): Région mediterranéenne & changementclimatique. Une nécessaire anticipation. París: Institut de prospective Économique du MondeMediterranéen.IOM. (2009). Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence. Ginebra: IOM.Klein, N. (2007). La doctrina del xoc. L’ascens del capitalisme del desastre. Barcelona: Empúries.Simpson, M. C., Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., & Gladin, E. (2008): Climate Change Adaptationand Mitigation in the Tourism Sector: Frameworks, Tools and Practices. París: UNEP, University ofOxford, UNWTO, WMO.UNEP/MAP/BLUE PLAN. (2008): Promoting sustainable tourism in the Mediterranean: Proceedingsof the regional workshop: Sophia-Antipolis, France: UNEP/MAP/BLUE PLAN.Joan Buades is a critical researcher in tourism, environment and globalisation and member of the ALBASUD research team. He also works with the Research Group on Sustainability and Territory (GIST) at theUniversity of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and with other social organisations.Adapted from "The Mediterranean: Caught in the Carbon Microwave: Severe Climate Threat, MoreInequality and the end of Coastal Tourism. An overview of global risks in the Mediterranean in the 21stcentury. By Joan Buades. AlbaSud, January 2012.English translation: Centro Superior de Idiomas de la Universidad de Alicante, S.A.U.56
Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | PositioningpaperPart 2: The Challenge of Good Governance: InstitutionalFrameworks for Tourism and Sustainable DevelopmentRegulator or Facilitator? Redefining the Role of GovernmentsBy Sumesh MangalasseryIn the globalised world, tourism has come to represent a considerable attraction and auniversal remedy for many of the developmental problems. It has been widely promoted bothwithin the Third World and by First World "experts" as a means of economic development,poverty alleviation and to generate foreign exchange. These experts along with other interestshave almost made tourism an unquestionable development option especially for developingcountries.Many developing countries, under serious indebtedness and with their economies adverselyaffected by the world trade order, have also turned to tourism promotion. In the urge to getmarket share for tourism, many of the inherent negative impacts associated with it are givenno room in current discourse. A crucial and critical understanding of tourism and itscomplexities is yet to emerge. The relations between tourism, the world trade order, thepolitical economy, power imbalances and negative impacts are still widely ignored.Tourism governance and the roles of governmentsTourism is an activity shaped by differentforces and factors. Tourism is comprised ofindustries and activities that stretch notonly across nations and regions, but acrosstraditional lines of business and industry aswell. Thus, governance in tourism is alwaysvery complex and an important concern.But the intensive process of liberalisation,privatisation and globalisation witnessed inthe last few decades has redefined thegovernance system in tourism. The role ofindustry, corporations and supranationalinstitutions in tourism governance hasincreased considerably. A concept of "minimal state" has been widely promoted, arguing thatthe traditional state functions are ineffective and lack high level skills. This is mainly reflectedin the arena of policy making and public investment. Many basic services have been openedup for private companies.In such a political and economic environment, the functions of government and democraticgovernance in tourism have been transformed from their traditional role of implementinggovernment policy to a more corporate-driven model, catering to the interests of the industryrather than the interests of the public. A careful analysis of various governments’ tourismpolicies would reveal that the role of governments has changed from regulator to facilitator orcatalyst to bring in more tourists and investment. The role of tourism ministries urgently57
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