Beyond Greening - Tourism Watch

Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | PositioningpaperNeither ICAO nor UNWTO, for that matter, have ever gone beyond their defensive stance,nor have they made any concrete proposals regarding the design of regulative climatesolutions for the aviation sector, the securing of funds to finance adaptation measures indeveloping countries, or ways forward on how to deal with the principle of "common butdifferentiated responsibilities" of the Convention.The oft-painted picture that tourism growth equals revenues, which equals poverty alleviation,is highly simplistic, as is the notion that this calculus would be undermined by any kind ofbinding climate commitment. The World Development Movement (WDM) has released areport with the New Economics Foundation (NEF), investigating the impact that haltinggrowth in UK aviation would have on tourism in developing countries. It was noted that thelion’s share of global tourism takes place between developed countries. About 60 percent of allinternational tourist arrivals can be attributed to the group of Highly Developed Countries,whereas only ten percent of tourists travel to developing countries. Initially halting growth inaviation can be achieved by focusing on short haul flights, which needs the carrot of better railservices and the stick of higher taxes on aviation as well as an end to massive airportexpansion. Such measures would not affect developing countries.The group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) receives only 1.2 percent of global tourismarrivals. If growth in UK outbound tourism to developing countries were to be curbed, thiswould have only a minor impact on the economic growth of countries that receive aproportionally large number of UK tourists. If outbound long haul travel from the UK werelimited, the economies of Kenya, Thailand and the Dominican Republic would lose between0.1 and 0.4 percent of GDP growth by 2020 (WDM and NEF, 2008). Therefore measuresmight be needed to compensate such countries or exclude them from measures to reducegrowth in long haul travel.The report of the UN Secretary-General's HighlevelAdvisory Group on Climate ChangeFinancing foresees measures might impact airtravel by increased costs of around two to threepercent (AGF, 2010). Research indicates that anysuch negotiated taxation will negligibly reducedemand, especially for long-haul travel, which isless elastic than short-haul travel due to a lack ofgood substitutes for long journeys as compared toshort journeys that can be undertaken by car,train, or boat (IIED, 2011).It must also be questioned how much of theincome generated from tourism eventually reaches the poor. Various studies show that asmuch as 85 percent of tourism revenues "leak" out of developing countries (cited in Bolwelland Weinz, 2008), due to various factors, most notably the power of international touroperators (Broham, 1996), foreign ownership and the high import propensity of tourism(Jules, 2005). Moreover, the share of tourism revenue that stays in the national economy doesnot automatically benefit poor people. As many examples show, tourism investments indeveloping countries often narrowly benefit the small elites, leaving the local populationwithout access to the tourism market or to decent jobs.There are examples where tourism development creates or reinforces poverty by deprivinglocal communities of their economic base. Poor households and communities tend to be lessresilient against the negative socioeconomic, cultural and/or environmental impacts of49