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Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | Positioningpaperof the adivasis and other forest dwellers. Therefore, in stark contrast to the claim thatecotourism furthers community development, it in fact bases itself on a paradigm of forestconservation and protection, which has taken away the existing livelihoods of people.It is true that tourism development generates employment opportunities for localcommunities. However, the lodge or jeep owners are usually not from the region. They aremore often than not from nearby cities/towns and sometimes from as far away places like NewDelhi, Kolkata and Mumbai. The income thus generated from tourism is taken away from theregion and into the bigger cities. There is also the issue of self-determination here. People whoused to own land have, due to poverty, been forced to sell out to the companies and becomeemployed as guides and drivers if lucky, but usually end up working as security guards,gardeners, waiters at the restaurant, etc. Therefore, the mere generation of employment,though an often repeated argument, is highly overestimated as it does not counter thedisempowerment and lack of dignified life that the adivasis experience.Today, community-driven tourism initiatives are still playing a marginal role and do notreceive the impetus they need from the government through schemes and incentives. In theabsence of this communities will not be able to compete with big operators with the capacityto acquire large tracts of land and convert them into private forests, which are then promotedas tourism products in themselves. In fact, it is not mere schemes that are needed to ensurethat tourism is community driven. What is needed is a change in the way ecotourism isenvisaged – where communities are central to the venture and not merely profits of large touroperators and income for the nation. Furthermore, starting a tourism enterprise might noteven be in the interests of the community and the state would need to recognise and respectthis.Ecotourism needs to go beyond community welfare to being community-centred if it wants toachieve its goal of conservation and community development. In the context of livelihoods,ecotourism can only generate employment and for communities it is employment at the lowerend of the hierarchical corporate ladder. There is a very important contradiction anddifference between livelihood and employment.Livelihood is a much broader sociological term rooted in the concept of social justice whereculture and identity form its basis and is dependent upon the landscape and ecology. It isconnected with community and property rights indicating dignity, control, empowermentand sustainability apart from income generation.Employment on the other hand is an economic term denoting work done and money earned.It is individualistic, governed by a set of rules between two individuals/entities where capitaldominates and is irrespective of any location/landscape/ecology and pays for labour thatproduces and reproduces for consumption for another and does not consider the issue ofsustainability.Community InvolvementThe role of community involvement maybe spread over a broad spectrum from minimaltokenistic involvement of the community to community-based ecotourism. Along thisspectrum are several levels of community involvement:• Tokenism – employing members of the community as drivers, tour guides etc.• Informing – where communities are informed about the ecotourism developmentbeing planned and are involved through employment in the ecotourism activities30
Beyond Greening: Reflections on Tourism in the Rio-Process | Positioningpaper• Consulting – where the communities are consulted with but where the aspirations ofthe community might or might not be addressed. In this instance the communitywould have the space to influence decisions while not being a formal part of thedecision making process• Collaborating – where communities are seen as equal partners in the ecotourismdevelopment planned and are formally part of the decision making process. Thecommunity would then have control over the impacts as well as the benefits ofecotourism.• Ownership – where the community owns the enterprise, which becomes the capital ofthe community. Where the pace, nature, forms, stakeholders are all decided by thecommunities and all others involved are supporters of the enterprise.Studies show that unless there has been either proactive response by the community orintervention by an outside agency, most ecotourism developments see the following impactswhich need to be taken into account while planning for any ecotourism programme: 23• The nature of ecotourism activities are similar across almost all ecotourism sites.Clearly the activities do not take into account the cultural and social specificities ofcommunities in the region. Neither do they take into the account the special skills thateach of the communities has in terms of conservation.• Displacement of adivasis from protected areas, which are then later promoted asecotourism destinations.• Objectification of adivasis by the government in their promotional material andliterature, the tourism industry and by the tourists in the way they see the adivasis.• Very often ecotourism activities impinge on resources that are otherwise used by theadivasis for livelihood, health and other purposes making them self-reliant and selfsufficient.• Construction of tourism infrastructure like roads, accommodation structures likepermanent tents, cottages etc. further damage the environment and also are a threat tothe adivasis.• The use of AC tents and other construction material result in increased energyconsumption, where the resorts have captive generation of electricity, while very oftenthe villages nearby have not yet been electrified/see frequent power cuts.• Carrying capacity/limits of acceptable change are very often not taken intoconsideration while planning ecotourism initiatives.• Solid waste produced due to tourism initiatives is not properly managed impactingboth the environment as well as the people.Legislation for Ecotourism in Forest Areas in IndiaIndia's forests are governed by a series of acts, policies, regulations and guidelines. However,there seems to be little application of these in the context of tourism. While only theguidelines for the declaration of Eco Sensitive Zones talk of specific guidelines for tourism,from some of the sections like Section 4 (2) (f) of the Scheduled Tribes and Other TraditionalForest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, the boundaries for the operation of23 Equations (2010): Note on Community Involvement in Ecotourism, www.equitabletourism.org/readfull.php?AID=122631
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Beyond Greening - Tourism Watch

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