May - Bath Iron Works

BIWNEWSMay2012Building aSafer Workplace(See Interview, pg. 4)INSIDEFrom the Helm - 2Performance - 3Single Stream Recycling - 3Laura Mathisen on Safety - 4Retirees - 4Wellness and Benefits - 5Nick Snowdon’s Retirement - 6News to Note - 6DDG 112 Delivery - 7Zumwalt Family Visit - 7From the Fleet - 8Team Angela - 8Karate at BIW - 9Leadership Maine - 9Recent Contract Awards - 105 Star Compliance - 10New Hires - 10Service Anniversaries - 11Performance Incentive - 11Capitol Photo - 12

Performance April 2012SafetyRECORDABLE INJURIESCumulative Through April 2012252015105016.1ImprovementTargetEnvironmentalYear to date (YTD) progress toward achievingour environmental performance goals underthe Maine DEP STEP UP and other environmentalprograms is displayed as follows:Equal to or better than YTD goalAbove YTD goal; improvedfrom prior year22.1ActualAbove YTD goal; not improvedfrom prior yearLOST-TIME INJURIESCumulative Through April 201210864204.0ImprovementTarget5.6ActualCumulative Through April 2012Hazardous WasteEnergyTotal Disposed WasteBIW NEWSBIW NEWS is published monthly by theCommunications Department (D53) ofBath Iron Works and is produced internallyin the BIW Print Shop.The primary objectives of BIW NEWSare to recognize the service, accomplishments,innovation and contributionsof our employees and to provide informationon matters that are of interest toour workforce.Comments and suggestions arewelcome and should be forwarded toDixie Stedman at Mail Stop 1210 orby e-mail at dixie.stedman@biw.com.Facility/ShiftInformation Call LineToll free information on facility status,work shift delays, and cancellations1-866-630-BATH(1-866-630-2284)Single Stream RecyclingCoincident with Earth Day, BIW placed new waste collection containersat the North and South gates as part of a pilot program for singlestream recycling at BIW. Stephanie Carver (D1310) said, “We areinvestigating this option in response to several employee suggestions askingfor expanded recycling opportunities in the work place.”This program will work like the single stream recycling programs thatmany local towns now have in place, and will provide employees with theoption of recycling additional items such as soda bottles and cans, glasscontainers, yogurt containers, paper and plastic milk jugs and food containers.As with your recycling at home, food containers must be rinsed out beforebeing put in the single stream recycling container.This new single stream recycling program will not change any of the otherrecycling programs currently in place at BIW. Paper, cardboard, scrap metal,and wood will all continue to be recycled in their current containers.If you have any questions about what items can and cannot go in thesingle stream recycling dumpsters or if you have any suggestions to improvethe recycling program at BIW, please contact Environmental at ext. 1635.New waste containers for single stream recycling at the North Gate.BIW NEWS | May 2012 | 3

Nick Snowdon’s RetirementRichard “Nick” Snowdon (D87)retired in mid-May after workingat BIW for 57.5 years, a span ofemployment achieved by very few.Jerry Cashman (D87) said, “Nick wasvery dedicated, very conscientious and arock of a person, you couldn’t ask forany better.”Both Jerry and Mike Muccino (D87)met Nick on their respective first days atBIW. Mike said, “Looking back, I realizethat when I arrived, Nick had alreadybeen here well over 20 years. He wasvery quiet and a very good mechanicaldesigner who also did piping design.He designed the Falcon Tanker pumproom in the early 80’s completely on hisown, without a computer. One day Ilooked out the window and saw thepump room being lifted by #11 craneonto Falcon Leader and I hollered toNick to come see his pump room. Ithink he was very pleased, but he wasnot one to boast.”Nick is known for his lack of interestin computers. Mike said, “Knowinghow he felt and how conscientious hewas, we hated to push him into using acomputer, so he became the last designerwho worked manually. We alwayshave some amount of manual work andNick took on most of it. Among otherthings, he was a great checker, very thoroughand very precise.”Nick stopped work in late February totake his remaining vacation time before formallyretiring. As the major DDG 1000design work wound down, he transferred toJames with many other designers and wasaware that the people at James, like CROF,like to note significant anniversaries andevents. Nick, however, wanted no part of acelebration around his retirement and firmlytold Hazel Meserve (D86), no party, no cake,no photos, nothing.As he got ready to go home on that lastFriday afternoon in February, an announcementwas made over the public addresssystem that Nick Snowdon was leaving thebuilding after what was probably his lastwork day in over 57 years. Many of thebuilding’s occupants dashed to the frontdoor and lined up to say good-bye as heclocked out. He probably appreciated thegesture, but Hazel also remembers him sayinglater, “Gosh, that was way too much.”When his actual retirement date neared,Hazel contacted him to be sure that hewould stop by the James Building but Nickneeded confirmation that there would beno more building announcements. Underquestioning, she admitted that they did haveNick Snowdona card for him. When he clocked in at 7:00am, Bob Hayward, VP Engineering, had anopportunity to say hello and thank Nick forhis long service, but at 7:06 am, Nick said,“Okay, I’m leaving.”Nick will probably spend much of hisretirement at home in Bath where he hasmany projects that don’t involve a computer.From there, he can keep an eye on BIW andDDG 1000 coming together on the LLTF andtake notice of the DDG 1000 products thathe worked on. His friends and supervisorsagree that when it comes to a designer, youcouldn’t ask for anyone better, and whenit comes to a coworker, there was no finerperson to work alongside.News to NoteJune Red Cross Blood DriveThe next Red Cross Blood Drive at BIWwill be held the week of June 4 at thelocations described here. You can preschedulean appointment by callingKathy Nadeau at ext. 1635. OnTuesday, June 5, a Double Red Cellmachine will be available at theFitzgerald Conference Center duringsecond shift hours, 5-10 pm. For moreinformation about this option, contactKathy Nadeau.Because it is almost summer, the RedCross is offering some summer-themedthank-you’s to all donors, including (1)a free pass to a Maine State Park, (2) acoupon for a free 24-pack of water andother savings at Walgreens, (3) a chanceto win a kayak from Old Town Canoe,(4) a chance to win a bike from LL Bean,and (5) a chance to win tickets to a RedSox baseball game.6 | May 2012 | BIW NEWSJune Blood DriveDate Time LocationJun 5, Tues 5:00 pm–10:00 pm FCCJun 5, Tues 9:30 am–2:30 pm CROFJun 5, Tues 8:30 am–1:30 pm SSSCJun 6, Wed 9:00 am–2:00 pm FCCJun 7, Thur 9:00 am–2:00 pm FCCJun 7, Thur 8:00 am–1:00 pm HardingsJun 8, Fri 9:00 am–2:00 pm FCCNote:FCC: Fitzgerald Conference Ctr, North StoresCROF: Church Road Office Facility, BrunswickSSSC: Surface Ship Support Center, James Bldg,East BrunswickBIW on FacebookIn late May, BIW launched a Facebookpage to make BIW-related informationavailable to employees, families and membersof the public. To access the BIW page,you must have a Facebook account whichyou can open by visiting facebook.com.Then visit gdbiw.com and click on theFacebook icon at the bottom of the page,or type Bath Iron Works into the searchbar at the top and click on the icon. Toreceive notices when the page is updated,click on “Like.”If you wish to provide feedback, emailbiwfacebook@gdbiw.com.

Michael Murphy (DDG 112) Delivers to the NavyOn May 4, 2012, the Navy accepteddelivery of Michael Murphy (DDG112), the 34th Bath-built DDG 51Class ship and the 62nd and last DDG 51Class ship of the Navy’s original run ofFlight I, II and IIA ships. Under a DDG 51Class continuation program which includesDDG’s 115 and 116 which will be built atBIW, there will be a gap in ship deliveries ofthis class until fiscal year 2016.Captain Mark Vandroff, Program, PEOShips DDG 51 Class ProgramManager, was quoted as saying,This is yet another well-built andtremendously capable ship thatwill soon join the Fleet. It will bebittersweet to see the ship sailaway this summer, but we lookforward to delivering more ofthese key war fighting ships in thefuture.”DDG 112 is scheduled todepart BIW in early Septemberfor commissioning ceremonies inNew York City.Zumwalt Family VisitIn May, LtCol James G. Zumwalt,USMC(Ret.) and Mouzetta Zumwalt-Weathers,two of the three surviving children ofAdmiral Elmo Zumwalt, were at BIW totour DDG 1000 and review progress. Theyalso attended the quarterly ManufacturingOff-site session held at Brunswick HighSchool on Saturday, May 5.Addressing the Saturday audience,LtCol Zumwalt expressed appreciation tothe people of BIW who are building thisship. He also described some of his father’slife experiences which he felt contributedto Admiral Zumwalt’s success as a Navalofficer and as the Navy’s youngest CNO.LtCol Zumwalt said, “In 2008 at thechristening ceremony of Stockdale (DDG106) at BIW, I saw the first piece of steelwhich would become part of DDG 1000.It was an emotional moment because I knewit would go into a great ship. To many ofyou, it was one piece of steel, but to us, itmeant much more. It represents the mettleof a man who was a great naval leader, a greathumanitarian and a great father.”Members of the crew of DDG 112 stand at attention during the formaldelivery ceremony. Inset: CAPT Tom Schultz, PCO DDG 112.Mouzetta Zumwalt-Weathers and James Zumwalt during a tour of DDG 1000 construction.BIW NEWS | May 2012 | 7

From the FleetDDG 116 Named for Hero of Korean WarIn early May, Secretary ofthe Navy Ray Mabusannounced that DDG116 will be named USSThomas Hudner, bestowingthe rare honor of naming aship for a living namesake.Captain ThomasHudner, USN (Ret.) is thelast living Navy recipient ofthe Medal of Honor fromthe Korean War. During theBattle of Chosin Reservoir,Hudner’s wingman, EnsignJesse L. Brown, the first AfricanAmerican naval aviator to fly in combat,was hit by anti-aircraft fire and crashed.LTJG Hudner sought to protectEnsign Brown from enemy troopsby circling above his burning aircraftand when he realized thatEnsign Brown could not free himselffrom the wreckage, LTJGHudner crash landed his ownplane to go to Ensign Brown’s aid.Hudner, injured in the crash,fought to free Ensign Brown andwhen a rescue helicopter arrived,the two pilots battled snow, subzerotemperatures, fire and timeCaptainThomas Hudner,USN (Ret.)in an unsuccessful attempt toremove Brown from the wreckage.Captain Hudner completed an additional22 years of Navy service, flying throughoutthe Korean War and serving in a number ofcapacities, including as Executive Officer ofUSS Kitty Hawk during the Vietnam War,before retiring in 1973. He lives in Concord,Massachusetts.In announcing the award, Secretary Mabussaid, “Thomas Hudner exemplifies the corevalues of honor, courage and commitment theNavy holds dear. Naming the Navy’s nextDDG for him will ensure his legacy will beknown, honored and emulated by future generationsof sailors and Marines who serve andall who come in contact with this ship.”Captain Hudner was a US Naval Academyclassmate of ADM James Stockdale andattended the Stockdale (DDG 106) christeningat BIW in 2008.Team AngelaAngela Black (D05) works inContracts and Estimating and forquite awhile, has been living witha diagnosis of advanced stage cancer. Shehas gained the respect of her co-workersand supervisors for her work ethic andupbeat personality. While she speaksopenly and eloquently about her ownjourney with illness and is a go-to sourceof cancer-related information and referrals,she is equally enthusiastic about herjob, her supportive family, and TeamAngela, which is organizing now forthe 4th annual Dempsey Challenge inOctober.Angela believes strongly in the work ofthe Patrick Dempsey Center for CancerHope & Healing. She said, “They provideeverything for cancer patients and theirfamilies—help with travel, counseling,anything that you need to help you dealwith this disease, and it’s all free. Theyare a great organization.” And yes, shehas met Dr. McDreamy.A number of her coworkers havesigned on to previous Challenge eventsand thoroughly enjoyed the bike ride,which can be covered as a 25-, 50-, 75-Angela Black, far right, at the 2011 Dempsey Challenge with, l to r: Tory Ryden (Parkview Hospital), Ken Mohan andDon Klein.or the complete 100-mile circuit. This year,Angela is hoping for more support fromBIW employees at the October 13–14 eventwhich starts and ends in Lewiston. A 3.5mile walking event is scheduled forSaturday, with the bike event on Sunday.Angela recently took a leave of absencefor health matters. Although she is notcurrently at work to answer your questions,Sharon Bolduc (ext. 2853), Karen Smith(ext. 3435), and Ken Mohan (ext. 2195).have volunteered to speak with anyoneinterested in learning more about theChallenge.By email, Angela recently said, “I am veryexcited and hope to have a big team thisyear.” You can sign up for Team Angelaonline at dempseychallenge.org. Think of itas sending her a message that a lot of BIWpeople are on her side. Team Angela!8 | May 2012 | BIW NEWS

Krehel Brings Karate to BIWBradley Krehel (D84), a Planner inEVMS Operations, has pursued thestudy of martial arts since 1970. Hisinterest began in a judo class at the YMCAand led to over 40 years of learning thevarious arts of judo, jujitsu, tae kwon do,boxing, tai chi, qigong and tang soo do.The latter, which Bradley continues tostudy and teach, is a Korean form of karatewhich incorporates elements of NorthernChinese martial arts.Bradley and his wife moved to Mainefrom Connecticut when he joined BIWabout 6 years ago. He organized the BIWKarate Club, now in its fourth year, and isHead Karate instructor at the Bath YMCAas well as the Universe Gym in Bath.In 2001 following 9/11, he founded KidSoo Do, a comprehensive, low-cost selfdefense/karate program for children whichhe teaches at Bath YMCA. He figures thatin his years of teaching both in Connecticutand Maine, he has introduced hundreds ofstudents, adults as well as young people, tothe martial arts and has shepherded manyto advanced levels of competition andachievement. He said, “On average, aboutone in a hundred students advances toblack belt status, but the personal rewardsof martial arts are significant, no matterwhat level they are training at or for.”The BIW Karate Club is a small group,but according to Anthony Anderson (D49),Wellness Manager, “It ties in well with theBIW Health and Wellness philosophy inthat it offers physical as well as mentalexercise and potential stress relief.”Brett Goodfellow(D84) has been a membersince the programbegan, as has BurtonCurtis (D20). Brett said,“The club meets weeklyand we go over a seriesof self defense movesfrom learning multiplekata’s (forms) to freesparring, all of whichprovide a great cardiowork-out. Besides thephysical aspects of doingkarate, there is an equallychallenging mentalpart. All these thingshave helped me stay fitand mentally focused as I continue on myjourney to achieve my black belt.”Bradley is a certified instructor withCheezic Tang Soo Do, an InternationalFederation led by Grand Master RobertCheezic. Bradley has received National andInternational awards and in 1994 wasranked second in Men’s Heavyweight BlackBelt fighting and third in Forms competitionby the Professional Karate League(PKL) Pro/Am National Circuit. Also in1994, he was selected to be a member of theUSA Karate Team which traveled to competitionsin China, Hong Kong and Korea.In 2010, Bradley was honored to beinducted into the United States Martial ArtsHall of Fame—Instructor of the Year. Thisyear he was again selected for induction inthe Hall of Fame based on his knowledge ofBradley Krehel, right, was inducted into the United States Martial Arts Hall ofFame—Instructor of the Year in 2010, shown here with Marty Cale, Director ofthe Hall of Fame. He will be inducted for the second time in July.martial arts, experience, professionalismand dedication to making a difference inthe lives of others. Bradley will receivethis recognition in July 2012 in St. Louis,Missouri.Bradley said, “The martial arts havegiven me an opportunity to travel theworld and I have met many people thathave touched my life. Although theremay have been language barriers at times,sharing the martial arts was universal.”Continuing, he said, “Martial arts is a lotlike shipbuilding. To be the best in theworld, you need hard work, dedication,discipline, respect, concentration, integrityand honor, the same tenets that makeBath Iron Works what it is today, the bestin the world.”LeadershipMaineThe Leadership Maine 2011/12 Classwrapped up its program year with a visitto Bath Iron Works in April. The dayincluded a shipyard tour and lunch in the UltraHall in the company of a large group of shipyardworkers who were enjoying a barbecue incelebration of the completion of several recentshipyard projects. Dan Nadeau (D10),shownfar right with the group, was this year’s BIWrepresentative to Leadership Maine.BIW NEWS | May 2012 | 9

Recent Contract AwardsLead Yard ServicesOn March 30, 2012, BIW received a$16.7M contract to continue performingDDG 51 Class Lead Yard Servicesthrough 2012. The contract includesfour options which, if exercised by theNavy, could extend the performanceperiod through 2016. Work includestechnical assistance to the follow yard inthe interpretation and application ofdetailed design developed by BIW aslead yard contractor, as well as liaison forfollow ship construction, general class5 Star ProgramCurrent status to the 5 Star Program is shown below.May 15, 2012Shop ComplexABC Plat (upper)Buildings 18, 19 and MERGLow BayAssembly BuildingPanel Line5-SkidsAluminum ShopCarpenter ShopBlast IBlast IIBlast IIIHyde SouthHazardous Waste BuildingACE/CW/BissonsEBMFHardingsFacilities BuildingA&B Plats (lower)Metals RecyclingMaintenance GarageDry DockH 601 (DDG 1000)H 506 (DDG 112)MSC Warehouse/Service ShopsLLTF Pump HouseLLTFAll OSTsPreoutfit IIUltra HallSouth Central ReceivingElectricalservices, class logistic services,class design agent services, andclass change design services forfollow ships.DDG 1000On April 2, 2012, BIW received a$9.4M contract mod for DDG1000 class services associated withthe detail design and constructionof DDG 1000 class ships.MachineGuardingFallProtectionFire, Health,SafetyHousekeepingDDG 1000 Ultra Unit 2200.WelcomeThe following employees recently joined BIW.Please welcome them.NameDept.Andresen, Douglas Walter * 1900Audet, Chad Elvis * 6600Bowman, Tiffany Rae * 2700Brittain, Nicholas Gregory * 0200Capano, Anthony Robert * 6600Chubbuck, David Alan * 6600Cobb, David Scott * 2400Condon, Colleen Elizabeth * 4505Dufault, Steven Paul 4300Dumais, Raymond Lionel * 1900Firczak, John * 6600Fitzmaurice, Brian James 2400Giannelli, Clint Justin * 6600Girardin, Fern Harold * 2700Harris, Brandon Allen * 2700Johnson, Jakob Dean 2000Lynch, Robert David * 1000McKay Jr, John Jerry * 2000McLaughlin Jr, Paul James * 1100Meagher, Gordon Bilbo * 1900Mercado, Palmira * 4505Michaud, Adam Edward * 4300Morrell, Stephen Lester * 2700Murray, Nathan Michael * 6600Odom, Russell Oliver * 6600Ricker, Stacey 1000Rogers, Patrick John 5000Ruzyckij, Joseph Walter * 6600Shorette Jr, Lawrence Joseph * 6600Steinman, Todd Elliot * 1900Tanguay, Adam Eugene * 1900Vachon, Marc Armand * 1000Whittemore, Robert Lee * 6600* Returning employeesCompliant:Star received in 2012Compliant:Star received in 2011Preparing for AssessmentLost Star10 | May 2012 | BIW NEWS

April 2012Service AnniversariesDept. Name45 Years43 Coy, Charles AndrewDept. NameDept. NameDept. Name40 Years20 Williams, George Leslie35 Years20 Phillips, William Paul86 Lothridge, Stanford Lowell30 Years07 Blanchette, Daniel Aime07 Clough, Gary George09 Barrett Jr, Paul Edward09 Bowman, Joseph Karl09 Dagneau, Roland Richard09 Donahue, Stephen Duane10 Blair Jr, John Arlington10 Cloutier, Michael Albert10 Davis, Stephen Warner10 Mailman, Gale Lee15 Cogswell Jr, Edward Francis15 Dekubber III, James Scott15 Smith, Roland David15 Spaulding, Bert William15 Ware, Jack Christopher15 Warren, Andrew Brian17 Pass, David Wayne17 Pederson, Mark Paul17 Quirion, Jesse Allen19 Jackson Jr, Richard Willis19 Lohnes Jr, John Edward19 Pyy, Bryan Michael20 Chase, David Alan20 Godbout III, Robert Joseph20 MacNeil, Joel John20 McMillan, Samuel Don20 Wing, Ronald Cleon20 Witherell, Gary Jordan24 Harrison, Gregory Scott24 Leavitt, Mark Andrew24 Wilson, William George27 Gagnon, Mark Robert27 Hamann, Claude Robert27 Moore, Lloyd Joseph27 Perreault, Daniel Michael30 Dauphin, George Leon32 Provost, Marcel Paul43 Greenleaf, Mark Daniel45 Arnold, Judy Kay50 Bowden, Michael Frank50 Carter, Raymond Albert50 Huard, Jeffrey66 Bean, James Allen66 Dennison, Roger Eugene66 Perreault, Dale William77 Carr, James Andrew80 Thurlow, Timothy William81 Boucher, Daniel Charles81 Dooen, Bruce Francis81 Tupper, Peter Joseph84 Turgeon, Claude Andre86 Harper, Deanna Lee86 Jordan, James Norman86 Kenyon, Stephen John86 Soule, Daniel Victor87 Clark, Gary Calvin91 Bechard, Jeffrey Conrad25 Years17 MacMahan, Todd Lynn19 Cummings, Mark Olson25 Theriault, Ronald Alan43 Bent Jr, Daniel Harold43 O'Reilly, Dale Edward45 Wallace, Candice Elaine45 Wills, Joyce Ellen15 Years40 Sherburne, Charles Leslie10 Years51 Bleau, James Alan86 Rolfe Jr, Frank Albert5 Years01 Farrell, Deana Kathleen05 Smith, Karen Anne06 Freeman, Nicole D07 Larsen, Nancy Gladys08 Howard, Lisa M09 Arnall, Andrew Robert10 Lakeman, Martin Weldon10 Spicer, Joshua R19 Dumais, Raymond Lionel20 Camire, Eric S20 Clark, Kevin D40 Robertson, Scott Andrew40 White, Adam M40 Wright, Noah Nathaniel50 Claypool, Keith A50 Knowlton, Michael Scott50 Ruff, Jason Allen66 Chaloux Jr, Marcel Andre66 Ouellette, Richard G82 Brubach, Anne M86 Cole, Marshall L86 Crosson, Larry A86 Culleton, Regina A86 Damren, Ian Richard86 Dasch, Daniel Robert86 Gervais, Peter Charles86 Vellella, Trent Eugene87 Doten, Sarah Jane87 Fidler, Sean Andrew91 Malsch, Samantha Sue91 Meservier, Alicia Ann91 Schroeder, Tammy MichellePerformance Incentive% Complete1009080706050403020100Goal 1EarnedHoursPerformance PeriodApril 2, 2012–September 30, 2012Period 5 Goals: Status as of May 13, 20121 Achieve 1,975,000 manufacturing earned hours by September 30, 20122 Receive 1,000 additional suggestions to the Employee Suggestion Programthat reduce costs and/or improve safety on all programs by September 30, 20123 Achieve 100% of the Housekeeping stars within the existing 5-Star Programby September 30, 20124 DDG 1001: Complete 9 of 12 Ultra Unit 2200 erections by September 30, 20125 Planning Yard: Complete the engineering and design for all currently funded shipavailabilities on schedule, including DDG 57 and DDG 59 HM&E modernizations6 Achieve Release to Kit cycle times of 5 days or less by September 30, 2012Planned Actual On Track Behind Plan Did Not CompleteBIW NEWS | May 2012 | 11

700 Washington StreetBath, ME 04530PRSRT STDU.S. POSTAGE PAIDBATH, MAINE04530PERMIT NO. 31Capitol PhotoMt. Ararat High School seniorPatrick Lynch, son ofBob Lynch (D10), has oneof his original photographs hangingin the halls of the U.S. Capitol inWashington, DC. Patrick’s photo ofthe BIW #11 crane was named thewinner of the 2012 CongressionalArt Competition for the 1st Districtof Maine.Patrick Lynch.This annual competition featuresstudent artwork from participatingCongressional Districts within the United States. Maine’swinners were chosen by jurors selected by the MaineArts Commission and their work will be displayed in theCapitol for one year. In June, Patrick will join other studentartists in Washington for an opening ceremony, courtesyof competition sponsors. Maine winners and runners-upwere also recognized at a Blaine House reception in May.Bob, who admits that he is a proud parent, said that hisson plans to attend Emerson College in Boston this fall.Patrick’s winning photograph, which he titled “Monolith,”was taken spontaneously last December. After finishinga class at the Bath Y, he headed downtown for somequick holiday shopping. When he noticed the #11 cranesurrounded by mist and low light, he stopped his carand grabbed his camera. As U.S. Representative ChelliePingree stated when she announced the award, “He’smade us give that everyday object (that many of us driveby frequently) a closer look and a deeper appreciation.”Monolith, by Patrick Lynch. Photo courtesy of P. Lynch.