The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction

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Gender-Based Violence Against Children In Emergencies: Save the Children UK's Response.Hyder, Tina; Veigh, Johanna Mac.Gender and Development, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 81-93, Mar 2007.Abstract: Violence against children is a global phenomenon. During humanitarian crises, andarmed conflict in particular, the potential for gender-based violence (GBV), including sexualexploitation, increases. Children, particularly adolescent girls, are vulnerable. This article tracesthe impact of an expose of sexual abuse by humanitarian workers on the wider protectionpolicies and practices of Save the Children UK. The article concludes that awareness of genderdiscrimination must underpin the implementation of protection policies for all children and theircarers. Furthermore, it proposes that comprehensive responses to GBV must be devised,alongside prevention strategies, if children are to be effectively protected. Adapted from thesource document.Are We Protecting Our Youth Online? An Examination of Programs Keeping Youth Safe andAnalysis of Policy Vacuum.Marcum, Catherine.International Journal of Cyber Criminology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 198 - 212, 2007.Abstract: After reviewing some of the risks of criminal victimization confronting youth who usethe Internet, this paper describes the theoretical basis and effectiveness of strategies to preventthe online victimization of youth, and the author suggests some situational-based crimeprevention strategies based on empirical evidence. Youth who use the Internet regularly riskbeing exposed to sexual solicitation, unwanted harassment, and unwanted exposure to sexualmaterial. The Federal Government has made numerous attempts to pass legislation and initiateprotective programs that will prevent the online victimization of youth. This paper brieflyreviews those Federal statutes that have targeted various harmful online activities but that havebeen overturned by Federal courts as unconstitutional. Recently, the U.S. Congress has hadsome success in passing legislation that protects adolescents from online victimization while theyare at school. There have also been efforts to mount proactive law enforcement efforts aimed atreducing online victimization. In addition to legislation, the Federal Government has developedvarious programs that assist law enforcement and parents in protecting children online. TheInternet Crimes against Children (ICAC) Task Force Program, developed by the U.S. JusticeDepartment's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) in 1998, aimed tohelp State and local law enforcement agencies create programs that target online enticement andchild pornography. One of the more successful programs, CyberTipline and CyberTipline IIprovide for citizens to report suspicious activity on the Internet. Based on such citizen reports,more than 550 individuals have been arrested for child sexual exploitation, and 627 searchwarrants have been served. Programs that increase guardianship for youth in their onlineactivities while decreasing their risk of exposure to predators (i.e. digital locks and protections),as well as deter the motivated offender from approaching youth online, should decrease thelikelihood of victimization. 62 references.F-54
Online Requests for Sexual Pictures from Youth: Risk factors and Incident Characteristics.Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., and Wolak, J.Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, pp. 196-203, 2007.Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics ofyouth who receive requests to make and send sexual pictures of themselves over the Internet.Methods: Data were collected as part of the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey, a nationallyrepresentative telephone survey of 1,500 youth Internet users, ages 10–17 years, in the UnitedStates. Results: Among Internet-using youth 4% reported an online request to send a sexualpicture of themselves during the previous year. Only one youth of 65 sample case subjectsactually complied. Being female, being of Black ethnicity, having a close online relationship,engaging in sexual behavior online, and experiencing physical or sexual abuse offline were riskfactors for receiving a request for a sexual picture. Incidents that involved requests for sexualpictures were more likely to occur when youth were in the presence of friends, communicatingwith an adult, someone they met online, who had sent a sexual picture to the youth, and whoattempted or made some form of offline contact with the youth.Assisting Children Born of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse.Rumble, Lauren; Mehta, Swati B.Forced Migration Review, Mar2007, Issue 27, pp. 20-21, 1 color.Abstract The article deals with the strategy issued by the United Nations (UN) Secretary-Generalto support victims of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN staff. The strategy includes acontroversial proposal to introduce DNA sampling for all UN staff. A Task Force on Protectionfrom Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Humanitarian Crises was established by the Inter-AgencyStanding Committee and a report was published setting out the principles of a code of conductfor humanitarian workers.Factors Vitiating Against the Effectiveness of the Nigeria Police in Combating the CriminalExploitation of Children and Women.Elechi, O. O.; Okosun, T. Y.; Ngwe, J. E.African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-49, 2007.Abstract: This article examines the challenges facing Nigeria's law enforcement in the effort tolimit criminal exploitation of children and women. Nigeria is considered a major source anddestination for the trafficking of persons for the purposes of sexual work, adoption, labor, andsale of body parts. The present article argues that several factors lead to limited effectiveness forthe Nigeria police. These factors include inadequate policing, corruption, deprivation offreedoms, social injustices, few social opportunities, conflicting social values, gender imbalancein education and work, and weak social institutions. In order to address this complex problem,global and local combating strategies are discussed. At the international level, there should beimprovements in framework and knowledge regarding trafficking. Locally, the six primaryissues that must be addressed are corruption, inadequate social control, poverty, genderinequality, the plight of globalization, and labor opportunities. Short-term goals should focus oneducation about the problem of trafficking, whereas long-term policy must address thefundamental social and economic conditions that permit trafficking to occur.The Health and Well-Being of Neglected, Abused and Exploited Children: The Kyiv StreetChildren Project.F-55
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U.S. Department of Justice
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4. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFIC
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V. CONCLUSION .....................
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amount of information, including: (
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assisting state, local, tribal and
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goals that can provide some measura
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State and federal investigators and
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a. Available indicators suggest chi
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These two applications (Fairplay, R
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The Figure below shows the number o
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For FY 2008, ICAC Task Forces repor
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Some researchers suggest that viewi
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interests in children and their des
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could later bediscovered by lawenfo
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domains are commercial purveyors of
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• The offender communicates with
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1. Online enticement complaints are
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elationship. After the child has ga
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Influenced and Corrupt Organization
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D. Child Sex TourismChild sex touri
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Exploitation of Children Today (PRO
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A task force model often is employe
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The United States Attorney’s offi
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FBI and CEOS, in conjunction with N
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The effects of child sex tourism re
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352 investigations and 162 charged
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• CEOS worked closely with NDIC i
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• Alameda County, CA, Children's
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• Additional data have been submi
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postsentence persons and civilly co
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B. A Review of the Internet Crimes
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• Providing training and technica
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Table 1 : ICAC Task Force Agencies
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State Task Force Agency Number of T
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State Agency FY 2009 FY 2009 FY 200
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State Agency FY2008#AZCACACACACACOC
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Number of Criminal Referrals to Uni
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d. Number of local prosecutions and
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State Agency FY 2008# of Cases Refe
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State Agency FY 2008 Jan.-June 2009
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8. Number and type of ICAC Task For
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ICAC Undercover Chat 4 Regional 9.2
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has developed highly successful ini
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field offices, both domestic and fo
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2. Department of Defense’s Effort
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of a mail circular. Since the progr
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• The Street Outreach Program fun
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the Defense Computer Forensic Labor
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• Distributes photographs and des
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iii. Enough Is EnoughEnough Is Enou
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1. Overarching Efforts to Coordinat
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combine resources and expertise on
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United States has submitted annual
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CEOS has worked with foreign law en
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. Department of Homeland Security
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Finally, G/TIP has worked extensive
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F. Review of Internet Safety Progra
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the accessibility, cost, and effect
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activity by predators searching for
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3. Federal Trade Commission and Dep
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Funder: • U.S. Department of Agri
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Delivery: • Online games; printab
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TABLE 1: FEDERALLY FUNDED INTERNET
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Program/Product NameandContactInfor
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TABLE 2: SAMPLE OF PRIVATE NONPROFI
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Program/Product NameProducerFor Kid
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TABLE 1: PARTICIPANT EVALUATIONS OF
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FY 2011. The primary forensics resp
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The DEU is the principal group resp
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CD/DVDs. The CFS has the capability
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First, the Department will continue
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and the Innocence Lost task forces,
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deconflict cases, and share informa
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with the ICACs to help increase the
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from Landslide’s business premise
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victimized children worldwide, incl
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association, was arrested after the
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is transnational in scope; cooperat
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Over the course of their communicat
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An ICE investigation resulted in th
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U.S. v. RichardsonICE PRESS RELEASE
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APPENDIX C THREAT ASSESSMENT: ACADE
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Selected Quotes from Appendix C of
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* * * “Sheldon and Howitt (2007)
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McCarthy, J. and Gaunt, N. (2004).
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high-profile jobs. Some seemed isol
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Trends 2008, http://www.iwf.org.uk/
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Source: National Center for Missing
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
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scientific survey process, but rath
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• 42 percent of respondents repor
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The Effect of the Lack of Internet
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ONLINE ENTICEMENTExtent of Online E
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• 8 percent of respondents report
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SEX TOURISMNature and ExtentAmong N
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Average Federal and State Sentences
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SOURCESNumerous federal, state, and
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
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Southern Texas Utah VermontVirginia
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APPENDIX EDEPARTMENT-FUNDED RESEARC
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victimization. The project has four
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APPENDIX FSYNTHESIS OF MAJOR STUDIE
Page 217 and 218: 17 that among the participants who
Page 219 and 220: authors, extrapolating survey data,
Page 221 and 222: officials can gain greater awarenes
Page 223 and 224: Moessner, Chris. “Cyberbullying.
Page 225 and 226: The authors of this chapter in a bo
Page 227 and 228: Wells, Melissa, David Finkelhor, Ja
Page 229 and 230: The article reports the results of
Page 231 and 232: system ۛincluding perspectives of
Page 233 and 234: etween 42 and 44 percent of pornogr
Page 235 and 236: Reporting the demographic, psycholo
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Page 239 and 240: 1 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
Page 241 and 242: conducted between September 1999 an
Page 243 and 244: with each grade level, with the per
Page 245 and 246: Understanding Online Child Pornogra
Page 247 and 248: focusing on violent (including sexu
Page 249 and 250: their offending than did Internet o
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Page 253 and 254: States Postal Inspection Service, 8
Page 255 and 256: Getting to Grips with Sexual Groomi
Page 257 and 258: Child Seduction and Self-Representa
Page 259 and 260: Annotated Bibliography: Child Explo
Page 261 and 262: Abstract The author discusses teach
Page 263 and 264: implications for nursing practice i
Page 265 and 266: providers assisting child victims,
Page 267: Problematic Internet Experiences: P
Page 271 and 272: Sheldon Kennedy and a Canadian Trag
Page 273 and 274: people involved in prostitution and
Page 275 and 276: debates about child labour, exploit
Page 277 and 278: Abstract The article presents the v
Page 279 and 280: dealing with sexual offenses agains
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