The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction

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change public perception. The paper presents a range of risk factors and indicators that are usedto identify children and young people who are most likely to experience or be at risk from sexualexploitation. It examines the who, what and why of sexual exploitation of children in NorthernIreland, presenting local research and anecdotal evidence to demonstrate the extent and range ofthe problem, while acknowledging the often hidden nature of this activity. As well as focusingon young people abused through prostitution, the paper also makes reference to the issue ofhuman trafficking and the increasing problems of abuse via the Internet and mobile phonetechnology. The paper draws on international human rights standards and domestic legislation inrelation to child sexual exploitation and explores the existing legislative context in NorthernIreland. Included is a summary of the Barnardo's Beyond the Shadows Service established torespond to this issue. The paper lays out the four main aims of the service and provides anoverview of its work. It concludes by challenging the audience, legislators, policy-makers andservice providers to respond strategically and operationally to the experiences and needs ofchildren and young people who are sexually exploited or at risk of this.Trafficking of Children in Albania: Patterns of Recruitment and Reintegration.Gjermeni, Eglantina; Van Hook, Mary P; Gjipali, Saemira; Xhillari, Lindita; Lungu, Fatjon;Hazizi, Anila.Child Abuse and Neglect, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 941 - 948, October 2008.Abstract: This study identifies the issues and patterns of child trafficking involving Albanianchildren. Findings identify the role of family poverty especially as set within a context of societalpoverty and membership in a marginalized group (Gypsy), in increasing the risk of childrenbeing trafficked. Severe family dysfunction combined with ignorance of the reality of traffickingfurther increased the risk of being trafficked. Albanian children experienced extremely harshconditions during trafficking. The reintegration process was difficult because of stigma, lack ofcommunity resources, ongoing family problems, and their own trauma. Social policies that donot protect victims and allow traffickers to operate without fear of punishment further supporttrafficking. Results identified community and family poverty, family dysfunction, ignoranceregarding trafficking, inadequate legal policies and implementation, and membership in adisadvantaged group as key factors placing children at risk for the harsh world of trafficking.Prevention and protection require domestic and international partnerships to provide legalprotection and the resources to address poverty, inform parents, and ameliorate family problems.Reintegration requires treatment for trauma as well as alternative educational and vocationalopportunities. Data were collected from 61 children who had escaped from trafficking, 22children from similar at-risk groups who had not been trafficked, 15 parents of currently orpreviously trafficked children, 10 parents had not been trafficked, 15 parents of currently orpreviously trafficked children, 10 parents from a similar groups whose children had not beentrafficked, and 8 key informants. Table, referencesCyber Child Sexual Exploitation.Burgess AW; Mahoney M; Visk J; Morgenbesser L.Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 2008 Sep; 46 (9): 38-45.Abstract: A 2-year review of 285 child cyber crime cases reported in the newspaper revealedhow the Internet offenders were apprehended, the content of child pornography, and crimeclassification. A subsample of 100 cases with data on offender occupation revealed 73% of casesinvolved people in positions of authority. The dynamics of child cyber crime cases direct theF-48
implications for nursing practice in terms of evidence-based suspicion for reporting, categorizingthe content of Internet images, referral of children for counseling, and treatment of offenders.Adolescents Accessing Indecent Images of Children.Gillespie, Alisdair A.Journal of Sexual Aggression, Jul2008, Vol. 14 Issue 2, p111-122, 12p.Abstract: This paper considers the legal consequences of adolescents accessing indecent imagesof children. It challenges the current default position that such behaviour is illegal and worthy ofpunishment. The paper seeks to understand the circumstances in which adolescents may seekage-appropriate material and considers whether this is more blameworthy than those who engagein physical sexual contact with other adolescents. By examining the legal frameworks ofindecent images and contact offending the paper concludes that there is unfair disparity withinthe criminal justice system.The Emotional Impact on and Coping Strategies Employed by Police Teams InvestigatingInternet Child Exploitation.Burns, Carolyn M; Morley, Jeff; Bradshaw, Richard; Domene, José.Traumatology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 20-31, June 2008.Abstract: Work on Internet child exploitation (ICE) teams require individuals to perform anumber of investigative tasks, including viewing graphic images and videos of young childrenbeing sexually assaulted and tortured, to identify victims and locate perpetrators. Individualsinvolved in this work may be at higher risk for experiencing secondary traumatic stress becauseof the graphic images and sounds to which they are exposed. The impact of ICE investigationsand what helps and hinders coping with the work was explored using the Critical IncidentTechnique with 14 members of a Royal Canadian Mounted Policeintegrated ICE team. Results suggest that there are a number of organizational and personalstrategies that can assist those who work in this field to cope more effectively.F-49
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U.S. Department of Justice
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4. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFIC
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V. CONCLUSION .....................
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amount of information, including: (
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assisting state, local, tribal and
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goals that can provide some measura
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State and federal investigators and
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a. Available indicators suggest chi
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These two applications (Fairplay, R
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The Figure below shows the number o
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For FY 2008, ICAC Task Forces repor
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Some researchers suggest that viewi
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interests in children and their des
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could later bediscovered by lawenfo
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domains are commercial purveyors of
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• The offender communicates with
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1. Online enticement complaints are
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elationship. After the child has ga
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Influenced and Corrupt Organization
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D. Child Sex TourismChild sex touri
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Exploitation of Children Today (PRO
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A task force model often is employe
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The United States Attorney’s offi
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FBI and CEOS, in conjunction with N
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The effects of child sex tourism re
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352 investigations and 162 charged
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• CEOS worked closely with NDIC i
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• Alameda County, CA, Children's
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• Additional data have been submi
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postsentence persons and civilly co
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B. A Review of the Internet Crimes
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• Providing training and technica
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Table 1 : ICAC Task Force Agencies
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State Task Force Agency Number of T
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State Agency FY 2009 FY 2009 FY 200
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State Agency FY2008#AZCACACACACACOC
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Number of Criminal Referrals to Uni
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d. Number of local prosecutions and
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State Agency FY 2008# of Cases Refe
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State Agency FY 2008 Jan.-June 2009
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8. Number and type of ICAC Task For
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ICAC Undercover Chat 4 Regional 9.2
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has developed highly successful ini
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field offices, both domestic and fo
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2. Department of Defense’s Effort
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of a mail circular. Since the progr
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• The Street Outreach Program fun
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the Defense Computer Forensic Labor
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• Distributes photographs and des
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iii. Enough Is EnoughEnough Is Enou
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1. Overarching Efforts to Coordinat
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combine resources and expertise on
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United States has submitted annual
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CEOS has worked with foreign law en
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. Department of Homeland Security
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Finally, G/TIP has worked extensive
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F. Review of Internet Safety Progra
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the accessibility, cost, and effect
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activity by predators searching for
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3. Federal Trade Commission and Dep
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Funder: • U.S. Department of Agri
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Delivery: • Online games; printab
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TABLE 1: FEDERALLY FUNDED INTERNET
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Program/Product NameandContactInfor
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TABLE 2: SAMPLE OF PRIVATE NONPROFI
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Program/Product NameProducerFor Kid
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TABLE 1: PARTICIPANT EVALUATIONS OF
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FY 2011. The primary forensics resp
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The DEU is the principal group resp
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CD/DVDs. The CFS has the capability
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First, the Department will continue
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and the Innocence Lost task forces,
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deconflict cases, and share informa
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with the ICACs to help increase the
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from Landslide’s business premise
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victimized children worldwide, incl
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association, was arrested after the
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is transnational in scope; cooperat
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Over the course of their communicat
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An ICE investigation resulted in th
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U.S. v. RichardsonICE PRESS RELEASE
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APPENDIX C THREAT ASSESSMENT: ACADE
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Selected Quotes from Appendix C of
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* * * “Sheldon and Howitt (2007)
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McCarthy, J. and Gaunt, N. (2004).
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high-profile jobs. Some seemed isol
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Trends 2008, http://www.iwf.org.uk/
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Source: National Center for Missing
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
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scientific survey process, but rath
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• 42 percent of respondents repor
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The Effect of the Lack of Internet
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ONLINE ENTICEMENTExtent of Online E
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• 8 percent of respondents report
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SEX TOURISMNature and ExtentAmong N
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Average Federal and State Sentences
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SOURCESNumerous federal, state, and
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
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Southern Texas Utah VermontVirginia
Page 211 and 212: APPENDIX EDEPARTMENT-FUNDED RESEARC
Page 213 and 214: victimization. The project has four
Page 215 and 216: APPENDIX FSYNTHESIS OF MAJOR STUDIE
Page 217 and 218: 17 that among the participants who
Page 219 and 220: authors, extrapolating survey data,
Page 221 and 222: officials can gain greater awarenes
Page 223 and 224: Moessner, Chris. “Cyberbullying.
Page 225 and 226: The authors of this chapter in a bo
Page 227 and 228: Wells, Melissa, David Finkelhor, Ja
Page 229 and 230: The article reports the results of
Page 231 and 232: system ۛincluding perspectives of
Page 233 and 234: etween 42 and 44 percent of pornogr
Page 235 and 236: Reporting the demographic, psycholo
Page 237 and 238: predator with a victim took place i
Page 239 and 240: 1 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
Page 241 and 242: conducted between September 1999 an
Page 243 and 244: with each grade level, with the per
Page 245 and 246: Understanding Online Child Pornogra
Page 247 and 248: focusing on violent (including sexu
Page 249 and 250: their offending than did Internet o
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Page 253 and 254: States Postal Inspection Service, 8
Page 255 and 256: Getting to Grips with Sexual Groomi
Page 257 and 258: Child Seduction and Self-Representa
Page 259 and 260: Annotated Bibliography: Child Explo
Page 261: Abstract The author discusses teach
Page 265 and 266: providers assisting child victims,
Page 267 and 268: Problematic Internet Experiences: P
Page 269 and 270: Online Requests for Sexual Pictures
Page 271 and 272: Sheldon Kennedy and a Canadian Trag
Page 273 and 274: people involved in prostitution and
Page 275 and 276: debates about child labour, exploit
Page 277 and 278: Abstract The article presents the v
Page 279 and 280: dealing with sexual offenses agains
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