The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction

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To show the prevalence of cyberbullying among teenagers, the authors linked their Internetbasedsurvey, conducted between May 1, 2004, and May 31, 2004, to a popular musician’s Website, and the vast majority of respondents were female. Therefore, the survey results may notapply to other populations. More than 47 percent of the 384 teenagers reported that they hadobserved online bullying, almost 30 percent reported having been bullied online, and 11 percentreported that they had bullied others online. The most common form of cyberbullying was toignore someone online (accounting for 60 percent of cyberbullying incidents), followed bydisrespecting someone (50 percent), calling someone names (30 percent), and threateningsomeone (21 percent). Telling the online bully to stop was the most common adolescent response(36 percent). The authors suggest that cyberbullying merits further academic inquiry todetermine whether cyberbullies or their victims are at risk for future deviant behavior.Strom, Paris S., and Robert D. Strom. “Cyberbullying by Adolescents: A PreliminaryAssessment.” Educational Forum 70, no. 1 (Fall 2005): 21–36.This study, which examines cyberbullying in general, is unique in pointing out that cyberbulliesthreaten students and school staff and in describing steps that schools can take to repel thisthreat. The authors report an incident in which a student wrote about his hatred for a particularteacher on a Web site, commenting that neither students nor school staff feels safe when thecommunity permits teenagers to cyberbully.The authors suggest a number of ways for parents and school staff to minimize cyberbullying,including educational programs and improved communication with teenagers. The article reportsthat state departments of education are creating programs to educate teachers and schooladministrators about the problem of cyberbullying. The authors propose that, in addition,information technology staff in the school districts could design and deliver curriculum toeducate students, teachers, and parents about appropriate cyber conduct and how to respond toonline persecution. Schools could poll their students to determine whether they have experiencedcyberbullying and what the extent of cyberbullying is in the school community. Adults, whogenerally use technology only as a tool, need to understand that adolescents consider technology,such as computers, text messaging, and chat rooms, an essential part of their social life. Parentsneed to develop close communication with their children, encouraging their teenagers to tellthem if somebody bullies them online. Parents and adolescents need to report cases ofcyberbullying to the police. Finally, the authors propose the need for new studies to determinemethods of confronting and preventing cyberbullying.Annotated Bibliography: Child Pornography and Contact OffendingThis annotated bibliography was prepared by the National Criminal Justice Resource Center inSeptember, 2009. The search was conducted in the professional, peer reviewed literature inpsychology, criminology, victimology, child development, and sociology published between2000 and 2009.F-30
Understanding Online Child Pornography Use: Applying Sexual Offense Theory to InternetOffendersElliott, Ian A.; Beech, Anthony R.Aggression and Violent Behavior, May2009, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p180-193, 14p.Abstract: This review outlines the links between contemporary etiological and offense-processtheories of child sexual abuse and our current knowledge of individuals who commit offensesrelated to online child pornography. First, we integrate previous behavioral typologies into afour-category internet offender typology. Second, we summarize development of etiologicaltheory and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these theories in explaining the childpornography offender. Third, we outline the potential situational and ecological factors relatingto the online environment that may also be a cause for the development and maintenance ofprurient online behavior. Fourth, we review theories of the offense process and apply these toresearch into the modus operandi of child pornography offenders. Finally, we examine theusefulness of this approach in the assessment of risk and the treatment of online offenders.The 'Butner Study' Redux: A Report of the Incidence of Hands-on Child Victimization by ChildPornography Offenders.Bourke, Michael L.; Hernandez, Andres E.Journal of Family Violence, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 183-191, Apr 2009.Abstract: This study compared two groups of child pornography offenders participating in avoluntary treatment program: men whose known sexual offense history at the time of judicialsentencing involved the possession, receipt, or distribution of child abuse images, but did notinclude any 'hands-on' sexual abuse; and men convicted of similar offenses who had documentedhistories of hands-on sexual offending against at least one child victim. The goal was todetermine whether the former group of offenders were 'merely' collectors of child pornography atlittle risk for engaging in hands-on sexual offenses, or if they were contact sex offenders whosecriminal sexual behavior involving children, with the exception of Internet crimes, wentundetected. Our findings show that the Internet offenders in our sample were significantly morelikely than not to have sexually abused a child via a hands-on act. They also indicate that theoffenders who abused children were likely to have offended against multiple victims, and thatthe incidence of 'crossover' by gender and age is high.The Consumption of Internet Child Pornography and Violent and Sex Offending.Endrass J, Urbaniok F, Hammermeister LC, Benz C, Elbert T, Laubacher A, Rossegger A.BMC Psychiatry, 2009; Vol. 9, pp. 43.Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is an ongoing debate on whether consumers of childpornography pose a risk for hands-on sex offenses. Up until now, there have been very fewstudies which have analyzed the association between the consumption of child pornography andthe subsequent perpetration of hands-on sex offenses. The aim of this study was to examine therecidivism rates for hands-on and hands-off sex offenses in a sample of child pornography usersusing a 6 year follow-up design. METHODS: The current study population consisted of 231men, who were subsequently charged with consumption of illegal pornographic material afterbeing detected by a special operation against Internet child pornography, conducted by the Swisspolice in 2002. Criminal history, as well as recidivism, was assessed using the criminal recordsfrom 2008. RESULTS: 4.8% (n = 11) of the study sample had a prior conviction for a sexualF-31
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U.S. Department of Justice
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4. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFIC
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V. CONCLUSION .....................
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amount of information, including: (
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assisting state, local, tribal and
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goals that can provide some measura
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State and federal investigators and
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a. Available indicators suggest chi
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These two applications (Fairplay, R
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The Figure below shows the number o
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For FY 2008, ICAC Task Forces repor
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Some researchers suggest that viewi
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interests in children and their des
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could later bediscovered by lawenfo
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domains are commercial purveyors of
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• The offender communicates with
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1. Online enticement complaints are
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elationship. After the child has ga
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Influenced and Corrupt Organization
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D. Child Sex TourismChild sex touri
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Exploitation of Children Today (PRO
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A task force model often is employe
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The United States Attorney’s offi
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FBI and CEOS, in conjunction with N
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The effects of child sex tourism re
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352 investigations and 162 charged
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• CEOS worked closely with NDIC i
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• Alameda County, CA, Children's
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• Additional data have been submi
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postsentence persons and civilly co
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B. A Review of the Internet Crimes
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• Providing training and technica
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Table 1 : ICAC Task Force Agencies
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State Task Force Agency Number of T
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State Agency FY 2009 FY 2009 FY 200
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State Agency FY2008#AZCACACACACACOC
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Number of Criminal Referrals to Uni
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d. Number of local prosecutions and
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State Agency FY 2008# of Cases Refe
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State Agency FY 2008 Jan.-June 2009
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8. Number and type of ICAC Task For
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ICAC Undercover Chat 4 Regional 9.2
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has developed highly successful ini
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field offices, both domestic and fo
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2. Department of Defense’s Effort
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of a mail circular. Since the progr
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• The Street Outreach Program fun
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the Defense Computer Forensic Labor
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• Distributes photographs and des
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iii. Enough Is EnoughEnough Is Enou
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1. Overarching Efforts to Coordinat
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combine resources and expertise on
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United States has submitted annual
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CEOS has worked with foreign law en
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. Department of Homeland Security
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Finally, G/TIP has worked extensive
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F. Review of Internet Safety Progra
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the accessibility, cost, and effect
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activity by predators searching for
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3. Federal Trade Commission and Dep
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Funder: • U.S. Department of Agri
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Delivery: • Online games; printab
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TABLE 1: FEDERALLY FUNDED INTERNET
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Program/Product NameandContactInfor
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TABLE 2: SAMPLE OF PRIVATE NONPROFI
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Program/Product NameProducerFor Kid
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TABLE 1: PARTICIPANT EVALUATIONS OF
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FY 2011. The primary forensics resp
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The DEU is the principal group resp
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CD/DVDs. The CFS has the capability
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First, the Department will continue
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and the Innocence Lost task forces,
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deconflict cases, and share informa
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with the ICACs to help increase the
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from Landslide’s business premise
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victimized children worldwide, incl
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association, was arrested after the
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is transnational in scope; cooperat
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Over the course of their communicat
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An ICE investigation resulted in th
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U.S. v. RichardsonICE PRESS RELEASE
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APPENDIX C THREAT ASSESSMENT: ACADE
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Selected Quotes from Appendix C of
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* * * “Sheldon and Howitt (2007)
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McCarthy, J. and Gaunt, N. (2004).
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high-profile jobs. Some seemed isol
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Trends 2008, http://www.iwf.org.uk/
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Source: National Center for Missing
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
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scientific survey process, but rath
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• 42 percent of respondents repor
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The Effect of the Lack of Internet
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Page 193 and 194: ONLINE ENTICEMENTExtent of Online E
Page 195 and 196: • 37 percent of respondents repor
Page 197 and 198: • 8 percent of respondents report
Page 199 and 200: SEX TOURISMNature and ExtentAmong N
Page 201 and 202: • 50 percent of respondents repor
Page 203 and 204: Average Federal and State Sentences
Page 205 and 206: SOURCESNumerous federal, state, and
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Page 211 and 212: APPENDIX EDEPARTMENT-FUNDED RESEARC
Page 213 and 214: victimization. The project has four
Page 215 and 216: APPENDIX FSYNTHESIS OF MAJOR STUDIE
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Page 219 and 220: authors, extrapolating survey data,
Page 221 and 222: officials can gain greater awarenes
Page 223 and 224: Moessner, Chris. “Cyberbullying.
Page 225 and 226: The authors of this chapter in a bo
Page 227 and 228: Wells, Melissa, David Finkelhor, Ja
Page 229 and 230: The article reports the results of
Page 231 and 232: system ۛincluding perspectives of
Page 233 and 234: etween 42 and 44 percent of pornogr
Page 235 and 236: Reporting the demographic, psycholo
Page 237 and 238: predator with a victim took place i
Page 239 and 240: 1 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
Page 241 and 242: conducted between September 1999 an
Page 243: with each grade level, with the per
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Page 249 and 250: their offending than did Internet o
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Page 253 and 254: States Postal Inspection Service, 8
Page 255 and 256: Getting to Grips with Sexual Groomi
Page 257 and 258: Child Seduction and Self-Representa
Page 259 and 260: Annotated Bibliography: Child Explo
Page 261 and 262: Abstract The author discusses teach
Page 263 and 264: implications for nursing practice i
Page 265 and 266: providers assisting child victims,
Page 267 and 268: Problematic Internet Experiences: P
Page 269 and 270: Online Requests for Sexual Pictures
Page 271 and 272: Sheldon Kennedy and a Canadian Trag
Page 273 and 274: people involved in prostitution and
Page 275 and 276: debates about child labour, exploit
Page 277 and 278: Abstract The article presents the v
Page 279 and 280: dealing with sexual offenses agains
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